This website is intended for healthcare professionals only.
The figures given in the present document are providing the most updated comparative picture of the situation of healthcare and hospitals, compared to the situation in 2006
HOPE representatives provide information on the last hospital and/or healthcare reforms implemented in their countries in the last five years and on the elements on the impact of such reforms
This review aims to look at the theory behind targeted temperature management and how it is applied clinically, with attention to new research in this field and its impact on patient survival and neurological recovery
With candidates identified from different pathophysiological pathways, new technologies for measurement and more perspectives of data integration, transformation is occurring in the field of cardiac biomarkers
This article summarises the key messages from the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction
In an ageing and comorbid population with a high incidence of severely calcified coronary and peripheral lesions, advanced debulking techniques are frequently necessary in order to offer optimal interventional and endovascular treatment results
A research study has shown that pharmacists have a vital role in early identification and reconciliation of medications in Parkinson’s disease patients and this has the potential to prevent deterioration and prevent further morbidity in this patient profile
A good knowledge of standard ventilator waveforms allows physicians to manage patient-ventilator interaction at the bedside without the use of special technologies
Delivery of high-quality CPR is the cornerstone of all efforts to improve outcomes from sudden cardiac arrest. Debriefing is considered to be an essential component of every cardiac arrest resuscitation effort.
Few would dispute the importance of end of life care for patients and their families, but it is clear from the literature that in emergency departments, it is not always as good as it needs to be
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic disease that affects different systems of the body. Heart failure and morbidity is strongly associated with this disease.1 COPD is closely monitored by pulmonary function tests and imaging techniques, such as CT of the thorax. One of the main concerns is whether a patient will develop respiratory deficiency and will require life-long oxygen supplement on a 24-hour basis. Moreover, these patients tend to develop different patterns within the lung parenchyma such as emphysema or bronchiectasis, or both. The damage that develops (phenotype) depends on the patient’s genotype. Lack of α1-antitrypsin if any also plays a role in the development of emphysema or bronchiectasis.
Emphysema is differentiated as homogenous or heterogenous; however, one of the main issues is the lack of definition for each diagnosis. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is known to be an invasive therapeutic option for some patients, for others currently we have different minimal invasive techniques.2 Based on randomised controlled trials of medical management compared with LVRS (National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT)), LVRS-treated patients obtained improvements in lung function, symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life relative to the medically treated group.3 While long-term survival was improved, there was significant morbidity and mortality associated with surgery.3 The NETT study is considered as substantial evidence that benefits can be achieved with lung volume reduction (LVR) particularly those with heterogeneous emphysema and upper lobe predominance.3,4 Currently we can use different types of valves, coils, glue and thermal vapour ablation. Careful selection of a specific method is necessary before the application for each patient. The six minute walking test (6MWD), pulmonary function tests, nutrition, and special imaging techniques are used to assess each patient.
One of the most important issues is to present to the patient what to expect after each procedure; and that the main goal is improved quality of life. Moreover, that after every procedure constant monitoring and further non-medical rehabilitation with respiratory exercise and special nutrition is required. This article focuses on bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation (BTVA), which uses heated water vapour to produce a thermal reaction that leads to an initial localised inflammatory response followed by permanent fibrosis and atelectasis. The remodelling results in reductions in tissue and air volume of the targeted regions of the hyperinflated lung.5 In an early preclinical animal study, higher doses were used than in humans and a dose-dependent volume reduction was observed. Slightly moderate evidence of serious risk was observed. Nineteen out of twenty animals studied survived the procedure; the one death was due to severe pneumothorax.6
Eleven patients underwent the current protocol confirmed using a lower dose of unilateral BTVA with an acceptable safety profile. The efficacy observed was modest and therefore a higher dose would be possible.7 Some words regarding the system. The system comprises a vapour generator and a vapour catheter (Figures 1 and 2). The vapour generator is an electronically controlled pressure vessel that generates and delivers precise amounts of energy as a heated vapour through the vapour (balloon) catheter and into a targeted lung segment (Figure 2). The BTVA procedure is performed in an operating room or advanced bronchoscopic suite suite under general anaesthesia with jet-ventilation respiratory model. However; the respiratory model can change from one patient to another. The vapour catheter is introduced through the bronchoscope into the targeted lung segment selected for treatment, where an occlusion balloon is then inflated and the pre-determined vapour dose (10 cal/g-1 tissue) is delivered. A high resolution CAT scan is performed at full inspiration and scans are obtained at pre-treatment, and at three and six months post-treatment. The total air volume of the target lobe is calculated at each time-point, and the change in air volume is related to pre-treatment (lobar volume reduction (LoVR)) and expressed as a percentage of pre-treatment volume.
Figure 1 The vapour ablation system
Figure 2 Left panel: The catheter inside the target lobe with the balloon dilated during the procedure. Right panel: The vapour catheter distally from the target lobe, and the ablated area
In addition to the imaging efficacy end-points, the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity) index are calculated for each patient.8 All patients are monitored in the hospital for a minimum of 24 h following BTVA. After discharge, patients return to their home and have a close follow-up visits at one, two and four weeks, and then at three and six months. Serious adverse events are defined as those that are either fatal, life-threatening, requiring or prolonging hospitalisation, or resulting in persistent or significant disability or incapacity. Upon follow-up, a number of tests are performed including: laboratory tests that include complete blood count, biochemistry and non-specific inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (C-RP). Vital signs are also recorded during every visit. The mean procedure time is usually 29 min (range 12–58 min). Procedures are usually well-tolerated with most of the patients being discharged from the hospital within 24 hours. Until now there are no data for patients that required mechanical ventilation beyond the procedure time.
The average lobe volume loss from baseline in the treated lobes was 717.6 ± 78.8ml at three months and 715.5 ± 99.4ml at six months (p=0.001). This volume represents a 48% reduction in lobar volume in a recent reported study. It has been observed that the volume differences at six months are similar to those observed at three months. Compensatory hyperinflation of the contralateral lung has not been observed mainly due to the slow process of remodelling. Current data indicate that mean ± SE improvement in FEV1 has been observed at 139.1 ± 27.2ml (17%) at three months and 140.8 ± 26.3ml (17%) at six months (p=0.001). The mean ± SE improvement in SGRQ total score was 11.0 ± 2.3 and 14.0 ± 2.4 points at three and six months, showing no difference after three months’ observation. Today the largest difference has been observed in the activity domain (14.7 ± 2.8 points).
Dyspnoea (according to the mMRC index) improved by a mean of 0.9 ± 0.2 points at six months (p=0.001) and by at least one point in 63% of subjects. The average change in 6MWD has been observed between 23.5 ± 10.4m (p=0.029) and 46.5 ± 15.0m (p=0.001) at three and six months, respectively. The BODE score has been declined by 1.36 ± 0.27 and 1.4 ± 0.27 points at three and six months, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage is improving with FEV1 by 120.4 ± 30.7ml in GOLD stage III (p=0.001) and 171.3 ± 47.1ml in GOLD stage IV profile(p=0.002) patients. Corresponding improvements in the SGRQ total score have been observed between 12.4 ± 2.7 points (p=0.001) and 16.3 ± 4.5 (p=0.002) points at three and six months, respectively. Until now, the adverse respiratory effects that have been observed are of respiratory origin, such as: exacerbation, pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, haemoptysis, and inflammatory reactions. The adverse effects can occur at different times after the procedure from day 1 to past day 90. There is also a report of patient death 67 days after the procedure due to end-stage COPD. This patient was re-admitted for an exacerbation of COPD. Usually all patients had their adverse effects resolved with standard medical management. Changes in the HRCT of all the patients were observed.
The inflammatory response in the targeted area was associated with different clinical symptoms including fatigue, cough, fever, dyspnoea, sputum, and haemoptysis. A localised inflammatory reaction (LIR) within the treated lobe is expected following BTVA, because this is the process that results in the atelectasis of a lobe and treatment of the patient. Unfortunately, the treated area will typically show infiltrates radiographically, that could be indistinguishable from pneumonia. Other symptoms or no syptoms might present at the same time, such as; fatigue, sputum, dyspnoea, fever, cough and haemoptysis. This inflammatory reactions appears to peak within the first 2–4 weeks and gradually resolves within 8–12 weeks of BTVA. (Figures 3 and 4) The patient need to be treated (that is, antibiotics and/or steroids) based on individual investigator clinical decisions. The LIR appears to be responsible for exacerbations and ‘pneumonia’, given the similarity or symptoms and radiographic findings. In the treated area a healing and repair process is characterised by fibrosis of the airways and parenchyma (that is, remodelling of the architecture of the lung). The atelectasis occurs distally from the treated region. The LVR is expected to increase elastic recoil by reducing the most compliant areas of the lung. Decompressing areas of healthy lung allows alveolar recruitment and improves the mechanical positioning of the respiratory muscles.
Figure 3 Radiographical findings on days 1, 3 and 30
Figure 4 Radiographical findings on day 95 with target lobe (right upper lobe) atelectasis
Cytotoxic chemotherapy is synonymous with a narrow therapeutic index, severe adverse effects for patients and occupational exposure risks for pharmacy and nursing staff
Colorectal cancer is Europe’s second biggest cancer killer, claiming the lives of nearly 200,000 people across the continent each year.
Notwithstanding the need for contingency planning, the use of automation seems to be the natural next step forward for a safer and more efficient compounding of hazardous medicines
Standardisation of doses of intravenous chemotherapy agents was initially proposed to improve pharmacy capacity and reduce medication errors and wastage; however, further optimisation of the administration of anticancer drugs can potentially contribute to a more efficient oncology unit
Dr Joaquín Casariego discusses Janssen’s solid tumour portfolio and pipeline, highlighting their commitment to improving outcomes in the solid tumour space
Best-in-class diagnostics that make a measurable difference to the management of patients with rheumatic diseases
Best-in-class portfolio, providing results you can rely on1-24
In oncology immunotherapy, as in targeted therapy, the era of ‘one size fits all’ is past and the day-to-day work of pathologists is changing dramatically
Reducing the between-method variability in laboratory medicine is required to improve patient outcomes and traceability to global reference materials and reference methods enables manufacturers to deliver methods that give equivalent results
Auditing patient doses can and should be done, but with care to ensure that all of the contributing factors are fully considered
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic disease that affects different systems of the body. Heart failure and morbidity is strongly associated with this disease.1 COPD is closely monitored by pulmonary function tests and imaging techniques, such as CT of the thorax. One of the main concerns is whether a patient will develop respiratory deficiency and will require life-long oxygen supplement on a 24-hour basis. Moreover, these patients tend to develop different patterns within the lung parenchyma such as emphysema or bronchiectasis, or both. The damage that develops (phenotype) depends on the patient’s genotype. Lack of α1-antitrypsin if any also plays a role in the development of emphysema or bronchiectasis.
Emphysema is differentiated as homogenous or heterogenous; however, one of the main issues is the lack of definition for each diagnosis. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is known to be an invasive therapeutic option for some patients, for others currently we have different minimal invasive techniques.2 Based on randomised controlled trials of medical management compared with LVRS (National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT)), LVRS-treated patients obtained improvements in lung function, symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life relative to the medically treated group.3 While long-term survival was improved, there was significant morbidity and mortality associated with surgery.3 The NETT study is considered as substantial evidence that benefits can be achieved with lung volume reduction (LVR) particularly those with heterogeneous emphysema and upper lobe predominance.3,4 Currently we can use different types of valves, coils, glue and thermal vapour ablation. Careful selection of a specific method is necessary before the application for each patient. The six minute walking test (6MWD), pulmonary function tests, nutrition, and special imaging techniques are used to assess each patient.
One of the most important issues is to present to the patient what to expect after each procedure; and that the main goal is improved quality of life. Moreover, that after every procedure constant monitoring and further non-medical rehabilitation with respiratory exercise and special nutrition is required. This article focuses on bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation (BTVA), which uses heated water vapour to produce a thermal reaction that leads to an initial localised inflammatory response followed by permanent fibrosis and atelectasis. The remodelling results in reductions in tissue and air volume of the targeted regions of the hyperinflated lung.5 In an early preclinical animal study, higher doses were used than in humans and a dose-dependent volume reduction was observed. Slightly moderate evidence of serious risk was observed. Nineteen out of twenty animals studied survived the procedure; the one death was due to severe pneumothorax.6
Eleven patients underwent the current protocol confirmed using a lower dose of unilateral BTVA with an acceptable safety profile. The efficacy observed was modest and therefore a higher dose would be possible.7 Some words regarding the system. The system comprises a vapour generator and a vapour catheter (Figures 1 and 2). The vapour generator is an electronically controlled pressure vessel that generates and delivers precise amounts of energy as a heated vapour through the vapour (balloon) catheter and into a targeted lung segment (Figure 2). The BTVA procedure is performed in an operating room or advanced bronchoscopic suite suite under general anaesthesia with jet-ventilation respiratory model. However; the respiratory model can change from one patient to another. The vapour catheter is introduced through the bronchoscope into the targeted lung segment selected for treatment, where an occlusion balloon is then inflated and the pre-determined vapour dose (10 cal/g-1 tissue) is delivered. A high resolution CAT scan is performed at full inspiration and scans are obtained at pre-treatment, and at three and six months post-treatment. The total air volume of the target lobe is calculated at each time-point, and the change in air volume is related to pre-treatment (lobar volume reduction (LoVR)) and expressed as a percentage of pre-treatment volume.
Figure 1 The vapour ablation system
Figure 2 Left panel: The catheter inside the target lobe with the balloon dilated during the procedure. Right panel: The vapour catheter distally from the target lobe, and the ablated area
In addition to the imaging efficacy end-points, the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity) index are calculated for each patient.8 All patients are monitored in the hospital for a minimum of 24 h following BTVA. After discharge, patients return to their home and have a close follow-up visits at one, two and four weeks, and then at three and six months. Serious adverse events are defined as those that are either fatal, life-threatening, requiring or prolonging hospitalisation, or resulting in persistent or significant disability or incapacity. Upon follow-up, a number of tests are performed including: laboratory tests that include complete blood count, biochemistry and non-specific inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (C-RP). Vital signs are also recorded during every visit. The mean procedure time is usually 29 min (range 12–58 min). Procedures are usually well-tolerated with most of the patients being discharged from the hospital within 24 hours. Until now there are no data for patients that required mechanical ventilation beyond the procedure time.
The average lobe volume loss from baseline in the treated lobes was 717.6 ± 78.8ml at three months and 715.5 ± 99.4ml at six months (p=0.001). This volume represents a 48% reduction in lobar volume in a recent reported study. It has been observed that the volume differences at six months are similar to those observed at three months. Compensatory hyperinflation of the contralateral lung has not been observed mainly due to the slow process of remodelling. Current data indicate that mean ± SE improvement in FEV1 has been observed at 139.1 ± 27.2ml (17%) at three months and 140.8 ± 26.3ml (17%) at six months (p=0.001). The mean ± SE improvement in SGRQ total score was 11.0 ± 2.3 and 14.0 ± 2.4 points at three and six months, showing no difference after three months’ observation. Today the largest difference has been observed in the activity domain (14.7 ± 2.8 points).
Dyspnoea (according to the mMRC index) improved by a mean of 0.9 ± 0.2 points at six months (p=0.001) and by at least one point in 63% of subjects. The average change in 6MWD has been observed between 23.5 ± 10.4m (p=0.029) and 46.5 ± 15.0m (p=0.001) at three and six months, respectively. The BODE score has been declined by 1.36 ± 0.27 and 1.4 ± 0.27 points at three and six months, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage is improving with FEV1 by 120.4 ± 30.7ml in GOLD stage III (p=0.001) and 171.3 ± 47.1ml in GOLD stage IV profile(p=0.002) patients. Corresponding improvements in the SGRQ total score have been observed between 12.4 ± 2.7 points (p=0.001) and 16.3 ± 4.5 (p=0.002) points at three and six months, respectively. Until now, the adverse respiratory effects that have been observed are of respiratory origin, such as: exacerbation, pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, haemoptysis, and inflammatory reactions. The adverse effects can occur at different times after the procedure from day 1 to past day 90. There is also a report of patient death 67 days after the procedure due to end-stage COPD. This patient was re-admitted for an exacerbation of COPD. Usually all patients had their adverse effects resolved with standard medical management. Changes in the HRCT of all the patients were observed.
The inflammatory response in the targeted area was associated with different clinical symptoms including fatigue, cough, fever, dyspnoea, sputum, and haemoptysis. A localised inflammatory reaction (LIR) within the treated lobe is expected following BTVA, because this is the process that results in the atelectasis of a lobe and treatment of the patient. Unfortunately, the treated area will typically show infiltrates radiographically, that could be indistinguishable from pneumonia. Other symptoms or no syptoms might present at the same time, such as; fatigue, sputum, dyspnoea, fever, cough and haemoptysis. This inflammatory reactions appears to peak within the first 2–4 weeks and gradually resolves within 8–12 weeks of BTVA. (Figures 3 and 4) The patient need to be treated (that is, antibiotics and/or steroids) based on individual investigator clinical decisions. The LIR appears to be responsible for exacerbations and ‘pneumonia’, given the similarity or symptoms and radiographic findings. In the treated area a healing and repair process is characterised by fibrosis of the airways and parenchyma (that is, remodelling of the architecture of the lung). The atelectasis occurs distally from the treated region. The LVR is expected to increase elastic recoil by reducing the most compliant areas of the lung. Decompressing areas of healthy lung allows alveolar recruitment and improves the mechanical positioning of the respiratory muscles.
Figure 3 Radiographical findings on days 1, 3 and 30
Figure 4 Radiographical findings on day 95 with target lobe (right upper lobe) atelectasis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic disease that affects different systems of the body. Heart failure and morbidity is strongly associated with this disease.1 COPD is closely monitored by pulmonary function tests and imaging techniques, such as CT of the thorax. One of the main concerns is whether a patient will develop respiratory deficiency and will require life-long oxygen supplement on a 24-hour basis. Moreover, these patients tend to develop different patterns within the lung parenchyma such as emphysema or bronchiectasis, or both. The damage that develops (phenotype) depends on the patient’s genotype. Lack of α1-antitrypsin if any also plays a role in the development of emphysema or bronchiectasis.
Emphysema is differentiated as homogenous or heterogenous; however, one of the main issues is the lack of definition for each diagnosis. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is known to be an invasive therapeutic option for some patients, for others currently we have different minimal invasive techniques.2 Based on randomised controlled trials of medical management compared with LVRS (National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT)), LVRS-treated patients obtained improvements in lung function, symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life relative to the medically treated group.3 While long-term survival was improved, there was significant morbidity and mortality associated with surgery.3 The NETT study is considered as substantial evidence that benefits can be achieved with lung volume reduction (LVR) particularly those with heterogeneous emphysema and upper lobe predominance.3,4 Currently we can use different types of valves, coils, glue and thermal vapour ablation. Careful selection of a specific method is necessary before the application for each patient. The six minute walking test (6MWD), pulmonary function tests, nutrition, and special imaging techniques are used to assess each patient.
One of the most important issues is to present to the patient what to expect after each procedure; and that the main goal is improved quality of life. Moreover, that after every procedure constant monitoring and further non-medical rehabilitation with respiratory exercise and special nutrition is required. This article focuses on bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation (BTVA), which uses heated water vapour to produce a thermal reaction that leads to an initial localised inflammatory response followed by permanent fibrosis and atelectasis. The remodelling results in reductions in tissue and air volume of the targeted regions of the hyperinflated lung.5 In an early preclinical animal study, higher doses were used than in humans and a dose-dependent volume reduction was observed. Slightly moderate evidence of serious risk was observed. Nineteen out of twenty animals studied survived the procedure; the one death was due to severe pneumothorax.6
Eleven patients underwent the current protocol confirmed using a lower dose of unilateral BTVA with an acceptable safety profile. The efficacy observed was modest and therefore a higher dose would be possible.7 Some words regarding the system. The system comprises a vapour generator and a vapour catheter (Figures 1 and 2). The vapour generator is an electronically controlled pressure vessel that generates and delivers precise amounts of energy as a heated vapour through the vapour (balloon) catheter and into a targeted lung segment (Figure 2). The BTVA procedure is performed in an operating room or advanced bronchoscopic suite suite under general anaesthesia with jet-ventilation respiratory model. However; the respiratory model can change from one patient to another. The vapour catheter is introduced through the bronchoscope into the targeted lung segment selected for treatment, where an occlusion balloon is then inflated and the pre-determined vapour dose (10 cal/g-1 tissue) is delivered. A high resolution CAT scan is performed at full inspiration and scans are obtained at pre-treatment, and at three and six months post-treatment. The total air volume of the target lobe is calculated at each time-point, and the change in air volume is related to pre-treatment (lobar volume reduction (LoVR)) and expressed as a percentage of pre-treatment volume.
Figure 1 The vapour ablation system
Figure 2 Left panel: The catheter inside the target lobe with the balloon dilated during the procedure. Right panel: The vapour catheter distally from the target lobe, and the ablated area
In addition to the imaging efficacy end-points, the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity) index are calculated for each patient.8 All patients are monitored in the hospital for a minimum of 24 h following BTVA. After discharge, patients return to their home and have a close follow-up visits at one, two and four weeks, and then at three and six months. Serious adverse events are defined as those that are either fatal, life-threatening, requiring or prolonging hospitalisation, or resulting in persistent or significant disability or incapacity. Upon follow-up, a number of tests are performed including: laboratory tests that include complete blood count, biochemistry and non-specific inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (C-RP). Vital signs are also recorded during every visit. The mean procedure time is usually 29 min (range 12–58 min). Procedures are usually well-tolerated with most of the patients being discharged from the hospital within 24 hours. Until now there are no data for patients that required mechanical ventilation beyond the procedure time.
The average lobe volume loss from baseline in the treated lobes was 717.6 ± 78.8ml at three months and 715.5 ± 99.4ml at six months (p=0.001). This volume represents a 48% reduction in lobar volume in a recent reported study. It has been observed that the volume differences at six months are similar to those observed at three months. Compensatory hyperinflation of the contralateral lung has not been observed mainly due to the slow process of remodelling. Current data indicate that mean ± SE improvement in FEV1 has been observed at 139.1 ± 27.2ml (17%) at three months and 140.8 ± 26.3ml (17%) at six months (p=0.001). The mean ± SE improvement in SGRQ total score was 11.0 ± 2.3 and 14.0 ± 2.4 points at three and six months, showing no difference after three months’ observation. Today the largest difference has been observed in the activity domain (14.7 ± 2.8 points).
Dyspnoea (according to the mMRC index) improved by a mean of 0.9 ± 0.2 points at six months (p=0.001) and by at least one point in 63% of subjects. The average change in 6MWD has been observed between 23.5 ± 10.4m (p=0.029) and 46.5 ± 15.0m (p=0.001) at three and six months, respectively. The BODE score has been declined by 1.36 ± 0.27 and 1.4 ± 0.27 points at three and six months, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage is improving with FEV1 by 120.4 ± 30.7ml in GOLD stage III (p=0.001) and 171.3 ± 47.1ml in GOLD stage IV profile(p=0.002) patients. Corresponding improvements in the SGRQ total score have been observed between 12.4 ± 2.7 points (p=0.001) and 16.3 ± 4.5 (p=0.002) points at three and six months, respectively. Until now, the adverse respiratory effects that have been observed are of respiratory origin, such as: exacerbation, pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, haemoptysis, and inflammatory reactions. The adverse effects can occur at different times after the procedure from day 1 to past day 90. There is also a report of patient death 67 days after the procedure due to end-stage COPD. This patient was re-admitted for an exacerbation of COPD. Usually all patients had their adverse effects resolved with standard medical management. Changes in the HRCT of all the patients were observed.
The inflammatory response in the targeted area was associated with different clinical symptoms including fatigue, cough, fever, dyspnoea, sputum, and haemoptysis. A localised inflammatory reaction (LIR) within the treated lobe is expected following BTVA, because this is the process that results in the atelectasis of a lobe and treatment of the patient. Unfortunately, the treated area will typically show infiltrates radiographically, that could be indistinguishable from pneumonia. Other symptoms or no syptoms might present at the same time, such as; fatigue, sputum, dyspnoea, fever, cough and haemoptysis. This inflammatory reactions appears to peak within the first 2–4 weeks and gradually resolves within 8–12 weeks of BTVA. (Figures 3 and 4) The patient need to be treated (that is, antibiotics and/or steroids) based on individual investigator clinical decisions. The LIR appears to be responsible for exacerbations and ‘pneumonia’, given the similarity or symptoms and radiographic findings. In the treated area a healing and repair process is characterised by fibrosis of the airways and parenchyma (that is, remodelling of the architecture of the lung). The atelectasis occurs distally from the treated region. The LVR is expected to increase elastic recoil by reducing the most compliant areas of the lung. Decompressing areas of healthy lung allows alveolar recruitment and improves the mechanical positioning of the respiratory muscles.
Figure 3 Radiographical findings on days 1, 3 and 30
Figure 4 Radiographical findings on day 95 with target lobe (right upper lobe) atelectasis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic disease that affects different systems of the body. Heart failure and morbidity is strongly associated with this disease.1 COPD is closely monitored by pulmonary function tests and imaging techniques, such as CT of the thorax. One of the main concerns is whether a patient will develop respiratory deficiency and will require life-long oxygen supplement on a 24-hour basis. Moreover, these patients tend to develop different patterns within the lung parenchyma such as emphysema or bronchiectasis, or both. The damage that develops (phenotype) depends on the patient’s genotype. Lack of α1-antitrypsin if any also plays a role in the development of emphysema or bronchiectasis.
Emphysema is differentiated as homogenous or heterogenous; however, one of the main issues is the lack of definition for each diagnosis. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is known to be an invasive therapeutic option for some patients, for others currently we have different minimal invasive techniques.2 Based on randomised controlled trials of medical management compared with LVRS (National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT)), LVRS-treated patients obtained improvements in lung function, symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life relative to the medically treated group.3 While long-term survival was improved, there was significant morbidity and mortality associated with surgery.3 The NETT study is considered as substantial evidence that benefits can be achieved with lung volume reduction (LVR) particularly those with heterogeneous emphysema and upper lobe predominance.3,4 Currently we can use different types of valves, coils, glue and thermal vapour ablation. Careful selection of a specific method is necessary before the application for each patient. The six minute walking test (6MWD), pulmonary function tests, nutrition, and special imaging techniques are used to assess each patient.
One of the most important issues is to present to the patient what to expect after each procedure; and that the main goal is improved quality of life. Moreover, that after every procedure constant monitoring and further non-medical rehabilitation with respiratory exercise and special nutrition is required. This article focuses on bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation (BTVA), which uses heated water vapour to produce a thermal reaction that leads to an initial localised inflammatory response followed by permanent fibrosis and atelectasis. The remodelling results in reductions in tissue and air volume of the targeted regions of the hyperinflated lung.5 In an early preclinical animal study, higher doses were used than in humans and a dose-dependent volume reduction was observed. Slightly moderate evidence of serious risk was observed. Nineteen out of twenty animals studied survived the procedure; the one death was due to severe pneumothorax.6
Eleven patients underwent the current protocol confirmed using a lower dose of unilateral BTVA with an acceptable safety profile. The efficacy observed was modest and therefore a higher dose would be possible.7 Some words regarding the system. The system comprises a vapour generator and a vapour catheter (Figures 1 and 2). The vapour generator is an electronically controlled pressure vessel that generates and delivers precise amounts of energy as a heated vapour through the vapour (balloon) catheter and into a targeted lung segment (Figure 2). The BTVA procedure is performed in an operating room or advanced bronchoscopic suite suite under general anaesthesia with jet-ventilation respiratory model. However; the respiratory model can change from one patient to another. The vapour catheter is introduced through the bronchoscope into the targeted lung segment selected for treatment, where an occlusion balloon is then inflated and the pre-determined vapour dose (10 cal/g-1 tissue) is delivered. A high resolution CAT scan is performed at full inspiration and scans are obtained at pre-treatment, and at three and six months post-treatment. The total air volume of the target lobe is calculated at each time-point, and the change in air volume is related to pre-treatment (lobar volume reduction (LoVR)) and expressed as a percentage of pre-treatment volume.
Figure 1 The vapour ablation system
Figure 2 Left panel: The catheter inside the target lobe with the balloon dilated during the procedure. Right panel: The vapour catheter distally from the target lobe, and the ablated area
In addition to the imaging efficacy end-points, the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity) index are calculated for each patient.8 All patients are monitored in the hospital for a minimum of 24 h following BTVA. After discharge, patients return to their home and have a close follow-up visits at one, two and four weeks, and then at three and six months. Serious adverse events are defined as those that are either fatal, life-threatening, requiring or prolonging hospitalisation, or resulting in persistent or significant disability or incapacity. Upon follow-up, a number of tests are performed including: laboratory tests that include complete blood count, biochemistry and non-specific inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (C-RP). Vital signs are also recorded during every visit. The mean procedure time is usually 29 min (range 12–58 min). Procedures are usually well-tolerated with most of the patients being discharged from the hospital within 24 hours. Until now there are no data for patients that required mechanical ventilation beyond the procedure time.
The average lobe volume loss from baseline in the treated lobes was 717.6 ± 78.8ml at three months and 715.5 ± 99.4ml at six months (p=0.001). This volume represents a 48% reduction in lobar volume in a recent reported study. It has been observed that the volume differences at six months are similar to those observed at three months. Compensatory hyperinflation of the contralateral lung has not been observed mainly due to the slow process of remodelling. Current data indicate that mean ± SE improvement in FEV1 has been observed at 139.1 ± 27.2ml (17%) at three months and 140.8 ± 26.3ml (17%) at six months (p=0.001). The mean ± SE improvement in SGRQ total score was 11.0 ± 2.3 and 14.0 ± 2.4 points at three and six months, showing no difference after three months’ observation. Today the largest difference has been observed in the activity domain (14.7 ± 2.8 points).
Dyspnoea (according to the mMRC index) improved by a mean of 0.9 ± 0.2 points at six months (p=0.001) and by at least one point in 63% of subjects. The average change in 6MWD has been observed between 23.5 ± 10.4m (p=0.029) and 46.5 ± 15.0m (p=0.001) at three and six months, respectively. The BODE score has been declined by 1.36 ± 0.27 and 1.4 ± 0.27 points at three and six months, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage is improving with FEV1 by 120.4 ± 30.7ml in GOLD stage III (p=0.001) and 171.3 ± 47.1ml in GOLD stage IV profile(p=0.002) patients. Corresponding improvements in the SGRQ total score have been observed between 12.4 ± 2.7 points (p=0.001) and 16.3 ± 4.5 (p=0.002) points at three and six months, respectively. Until now, the adverse respiratory effects that have been observed are of respiratory origin, such as: exacerbation, pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, haemoptysis, and inflammatory reactions. The adverse effects can occur at different times after the procedure from day 1 to past day 90. There is also a report of patient death 67 days after the procedure due to end-stage COPD. This patient was re-admitted for an exacerbation of COPD. Usually all patients had their adverse effects resolved with standard medical management. Changes in the HRCT of all the patients were observed.
The inflammatory response in the targeted area was associated with different clinical symptoms including fatigue, cough, fever, dyspnoea, sputum, and haemoptysis. A localised inflammatory reaction (LIR) within the treated lobe is expected following BTVA, because this is the process that results in the atelectasis of a lobe and treatment of the patient. Unfortunately, the treated area will typically show infiltrates radiographically, that could be indistinguishable from pneumonia. Other symptoms or no syptoms might present at the same time, such as; fatigue, sputum, dyspnoea, fever, cough and haemoptysis. This inflammatory reactions appears to peak within the first 2–4 weeks and gradually resolves within 8–12 weeks of BTVA. (Figures 3 and 4) The patient need to be treated (that is, antibiotics and/or steroids) based on individual investigator clinical decisions. The LIR appears to be responsible for exacerbations and ‘pneumonia’, given the similarity or symptoms and radiographic findings. In the treated area a healing and repair process is characterised by fibrosis of the airways and parenchyma (that is, remodelling of the architecture of the lung). The atelectasis occurs distally from the treated region. The LVR is expected to increase elastic recoil by reducing the most compliant areas of the lung. Decompressing areas of healthy lung allows alveolar recruitment and improves the mechanical positioning of the respiratory muscles.
Figure 3 Radiographical findings on days 1, 3 and 30
Figure 4 Radiographical findings on day 95 with target lobe (right upper lobe) atelectasis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic disease that affects different systems of the body. Heart failure and morbidity is strongly associated with this disease.1 COPD is closely monitored by pulmonary function tests and imaging techniques, such as CT of the thorax. One of the main concerns is whether a patient will develop respiratory deficiency and will require life-long oxygen supplement on a 24-hour basis. Moreover, these patients tend to develop different patterns within the lung parenchyma such as emphysema or bronchiectasis, or both. The damage that develops (phenotype) depends on the patient’s genotype. Lack of α1-antitrypsin if any also plays a role in the development of emphysema or bronchiectasis.
Emphysema is differentiated as homogenous or heterogenous; however, one of the main issues is the lack of definition for each diagnosis. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is known to be an invasive therapeutic option for some patients, for others currently we have different minimal invasive techniques.2 Based on randomised controlled trials of medical management compared with LVRS (National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT)), LVRS-treated patients obtained improvements in lung function, symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life relative to the medically treated group.3 While long-term survival was improved, there was significant morbidity and mortality associated with surgery.3 The NETT study is considered as substantial evidence that benefits can be achieved with lung volume reduction (LVR) particularly those with heterogeneous emphysema and upper lobe predominance.3,4 Currently we can use different types of valves, coils, glue and thermal vapour ablation. Careful selection of a specific method is necessary before the application for each patient. The six minute walking test (6MWD), pulmonary function tests, nutrition, and special imaging techniques are used to assess each patient.
One of the most important issues is to present to the patient what to expect after each procedure; and that the main goal is improved quality of life. Moreover, that after every procedure constant monitoring and further non-medical rehabilitation with respiratory exercise and special nutrition is required. This article focuses on bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation (BTVA), which uses heated water vapour to produce a thermal reaction that leads to an initial localised inflammatory response followed by permanent fibrosis and atelectasis. The remodelling results in reductions in tissue and air volume of the targeted regions of the hyperinflated lung.5 In an early preclinical animal study, higher doses were used than in humans and a dose-dependent volume reduction was observed. Slightly moderate evidence of serious risk was observed. Nineteen out of twenty animals studied survived the procedure; the one death was due to severe pneumothorax.6
Eleven patients underwent the current protocol confirmed using a lower dose of unilateral BTVA with an acceptable safety profile. The efficacy observed was modest and therefore a higher dose would be possible.7 Some words regarding the system. The system comprises a vapour generator and a vapour catheter (Figures 1 and 2). The vapour generator is an electronically controlled pressure vessel that generates and delivers precise amounts of energy as a heated vapour through the vapour (balloon) catheter and into a targeted lung segment (Figure 2). The BTVA procedure is performed in an operating room or advanced bronchoscopic suite suite under general anaesthesia with jet-ventilation respiratory model. However; the respiratory model can change from one patient to another. The vapour catheter is introduced through the bronchoscope into the targeted lung segment selected for treatment, where an occlusion balloon is then inflated and the pre-determined vapour dose (10 cal/g-1 tissue) is delivered. A high resolution CAT scan is performed at full inspiration and scans are obtained at pre-treatment, and at three and six months post-treatment. The total air volume of the target lobe is calculated at each time-point, and the change in air volume is related to pre-treatment (lobar volume reduction (LoVR)) and expressed as a percentage of pre-treatment volume.
Figure 1 The vapour ablation system
Figure 2 Left panel: The catheter inside the target lobe with the balloon dilated during the procedure. Right panel: The vapour catheter distally from the target lobe, and the ablated area
In addition to the imaging efficacy end-points, the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity) index are calculated for each patient.8 All patients are monitored in the hospital for a minimum of 24 h following BTVA. After discharge, patients return to their home and have a close follow-up visits at one, two and four weeks, and then at three and six months. Serious adverse events are defined as those that are either fatal, life-threatening, requiring or prolonging hospitalisation, or resulting in persistent or significant disability or incapacity. Upon follow-up, a number of tests are performed including: laboratory tests that include complete blood count, biochemistry and non-specific inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (C-RP). Vital signs are also recorded during every visit. The mean procedure time is usually 29 min (range 12–58 min). Procedures are usually well-tolerated with most of the patients being discharged from the hospital within 24 hours. Until now there are no data for patients that required mechanical ventilation beyond the procedure time.
The average lobe volume loss from baseline in the treated lobes was 717.6 ± 78.8ml at three months and 715.5 ± 99.4ml at six months (p=0.001). This volume represents a 48% reduction in lobar volume in a recent reported study. It has been observed that the volume differences at six months are similar to those observed at three months. Compensatory hyperinflation of the contralateral lung has not been observed mainly due to the slow process of remodelling. Current data indicate that mean ± SE improvement in FEV1 has been observed at 139.1 ± 27.2ml (17%) at three months and 140.8 ± 26.3ml (17%) at six months (p=0.001). The mean ± SE improvement in SGRQ total score was 11.0 ± 2.3 and 14.0 ± 2.4 points at three and six months, showing no difference after three months’ observation. Today the largest difference has been observed in the activity domain (14.7 ± 2.8 points).
Dyspnoea (according to the mMRC index) improved by a mean of 0.9 ± 0.2 points at six months (p=0.001) and by at least one point in 63% of subjects. The average change in 6MWD has been observed between 23.5 ± 10.4m (p=0.029) and 46.5 ± 15.0m (p=0.001) at three and six months, respectively. The BODE score has been declined by 1.36 ± 0.27 and 1.4 ± 0.27 points at three and six months, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage is improving with FEV1 by 120.4 ± 30.7ml in GOLD stage III (p=0.001) and 171.3 ± 47.1ml in GOLD stage IV profile(p=0.002) patients. Corresponding improvements in the SGRQ total score have been observed between 12.4 ± 2.7 points (p=0.001) and 16.3 ± 4.5 (p=0.002) points at three and six months, respectively. Until now, the adverse respiratory effects that have been observed are of respiratory origin, such as: exacerbation, pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, haemoptysis, and inflammatory reactions. The adverse effects can occur at different times after the procedure from day 1 to past day 90. There is also a report of patient death 67 days after the procedure due to end-stage COPD. This patient was re-admitted for an exacerbation of COPD. Usually all patients had their adverse effects resolved with standard medical management. Changes in the HRCT of all the patients were observed.
The inflammatory response in the targeted area was associated with different clinical symptoms including fatigue, cough, fever, dyspnoea, sputum, and haemoptysis. A localised inflammatory reaction (LIR) within the treated lobe is expected following BTVA, because this is the process that results in the atelectasis of a lobe and treatment of the patient. Unfortunately, the treated area will typically show infiltrates radiographically, that could be indistinguishable from pneumonia. Other symptoms or no syptoms might present at the same time, such as; fatigue, sputum, dyspnoea, fever, cough and haemoptysis. This inflammatory reactions appears to peak within the first 2–4 weeks and gradually resolves within 8–12 weeks of BTVA. (Figures 3 and 4) The patient need to be treated (that is, antibiotics and/or steroids) based on individual investigator clinical decisions. The LIR appears to be responsible for exacerbations and ‘pneumonia’, given the similarity or symptoms and radiographic findings. In the treated area a healing and repair process is characterised by fibrosis of the airways and parenchyma (that is, remodelling of the architecture of the lung). The atelectasis occurs distally from the treated region. The LVR is expected to increase elastic recoil by reducing the most compliant areas of the lung. Decompressing areas of healthy lung allows alveolar recruitment and improves the mechanical positioning of the respiratory muscles.
Figure 3 Radiographical findings on days 1, 3 and 30
Figure 4 Radiographical findings on day 95 with target lobe (right upper lobe) atelectasis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic disease that affects different systems of the body. Heart failure and morbidity is strongly associated with this disease.1 COPD is closely monitored by pulmonary function tests and imaging techniques, such as CT of the thorax. One of the main concerns is whether a patient will develop respiratory deficiency and will require life-long oxygen supplement on a 24-hour basis. Moreover, these patients tend to develop different patterns within the lung parenchyma such as emphysema or bronchiectasis, or both. The damage that develops (phenotype) depends on the patient’s genotype. Lack of α1-antitrypsin if any also plays a role in the development of emphysema or bronchiectasis.
Emphysema is differentiated as homogenous or heterogenous; however, one of the main issues is the lack of definition for each diagnosis. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is known to be an invasive therapeutic option for some patients, for others currently we have different minimal invasive techniques.2 Based on randomised controlled trials of medical management compared with LVRS (National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT)), LVRS-treated patients obtained improvements in lung function, symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life relative to the medically treated group.3 While long-term survival was improved, there was significant morbidity and mortality associated with surgery.3 The NETT study is considered as substantial evidence that benefits can be achieved with lung volume reduction (LVR) particularly those with heterogeneous emphysema and upper lobe predominance.3,4 Currently we can use different types of valves, coils, glue and thermal vapour ablation. Careful selection of a specific method is necessary before the application for each patient. The six minute walking test (6MWD), pulmonary function tests, nutrition, and special imaging techniques are used to assess each patient.
One of the most important issues is to present to the patient what to expect after each procedure; and that the main goal is improved quality of life. Moreover, that after every procedure constant monitoring and further non-medical rehabilitation with respiratory exercise and special nutrition is required. This article focuses on bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation (BTVA), which uses heated water vapour to produce a thermal reaction that leads to an initial localised inflammatory response followed by permanent fibrosis and atelectasis. The remodelling results in reductions in tissue and air volume of the targeted regions of the hyperinflated lung.5 In an early preclinical animal study, higher doses were used than in humans and a dose-dependent volume reduction was observed. Slightly moderate evidence of serious risk was observed. Nineteen out of twenty animals studied survived the procedure; the one death was due to severe pneumothorax.6
Eleven patients underwent the current protocol confirmed using a lower dose of unilateral BTVA with an acceptable safety profile. The efficacy observed was modest and therefore a higher dose would be possible.7 Some words regarding the system. The system comprises a vapour generator and a vapour catheter (Figures 1 and 2). The vapour generator is an electronically controlled pressure vessel that generates and delivers precise amounts of energy as a heated vapour through the vapour (balloon) catheter and into a targeted lung segment (Figure 2). The BTVA procedure is performed in an operating room or advanced bronchoscopic suite suite under general anaesthesia with jet-ventilation respiratory model. However; the respiratory model can change from one patient to another. The vapour catheter is introduced through the bronchoscope into the targeted lung segment selected for treatment, where an occlusion balloon is then inflated and the pre-determined vapour dose (10 cal/g-1 tissue) is delivered. A high resolution CAT scan is performed at full inspiration and scans are obtained at pre-treatment, and at three and six months post-treatment. The total air volume of the target lobe is calculated at each time-point, and the change in air volume is related to pre-treatment (lobar volume reduction (LoVR)) and expressed as a percentage of pre-treatment volume.
Figure 1 The vapour ablation system
Figure 2 Left panel: The catheter inside the target lobe with the balloon dilated during the procedure. Right panel: The vapour catheter distally from the target lobe, and the ablated area
In addition to the imaging efficacy end-points, the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity) index are calculated for each patient.8 All patients are monitored in the hospital for a minimum of 24 h following BTVA. After discharge, patients return to their home and have a close follow-up visits at one, two and four weeks, and then at three and six months. Serious adverse events are defined as those that are either fatal, life-threatening, requiring or prolonging hospitalisation, or resulting in persistent or significant disability or incapacity. Upon follow-up, a number of tests are performed including: laboratory tests that include complete blood count, biochemistry and non-specific inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (C-RP). Vital signs are also recorded during every visit. The mean procedure time is usually 29 min (range 12–58 min). Procedures are usually well-tolerated with most of the patients being discharged from the hospital within 24 hours. Until now there are no data for patients that required mechanical ventilation beyond the procedure time.
The average lobe volume loss from baseline in the treated lobes was 717.6 ± 78.8ml at three months and 715.5 ± 99.4ml at six months (p=0.001). This volume represents a 48% reduction in lobar volume in a recent reported study. It has been observed that the volume differences at six months are similar to those observed at three months. Compensatory hyperinflation of the contralateral lung has not been observed mainly due to the slow process of remodelling. Current data indicate that mean ± SE improvement in FEV1 has been observed at 139.1 ± 27.2ml (17%) at three months and 140.8 ± 26.3ml (17%) at six months (p=0.001). The mean ± SE improvement in SGRQ total score was 11.0 ± 2.3 and 14.0 ± 2.4 points at three and six months, showing no difference after three months’ observation. Today the largest difference has been observed in the activity domain (14.7 ± 2.8 points).
Dyspnoea (according to the mMRC index) improved by a mean of 0.9 ± 0.2 points at six months (p=0.001) and by at least one point in 63% of subjects. The average change in 6MWD has been observed between 23.5 ± 10.4m (p=0.029) and 46.5 ± 15.0m (p=0.001) at three and six months, respectively. The BODE score has been declined by 1.36 ± 0.27 and 1.4 ± 0.27 points at three and six months, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage is improving with FEV1 by 120.4 ± 30.7ml in GOLD stage III (p=0.001) and 171.3 ± 47.1ml in GOLD stage IV profile(p=0.002) patients. Corresponding improvements in the SGRQ total score have been observed between 12.4 ± 2.7 points (p=0.001) and 16.3 ± 4.5 (p=0.002) points at three and six months, respectively. Until now, the adverse respiratory effects that have been observed are of respiratory origin, such as: exacerbation, pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, haemoptysis, and inflammatory reactions. The adverse effects can occur at different times after the procedure from day 1 to past day 90. There is also a report of patient death 67 days after the procedure due to end-stage COPD. This patient was re-admitted for an exacerbation of COPD. Usually all patients had their adverse effects resolved with standard medical management. Changes in the HRCT of all the patients were observed.
The inflammatory response in the targeted area was associated with different clinical symptoms including fatigue, cough, fever, dyspnoea, sputum, and haemoptysis. A localised inflammatory reaction (LIR) within the treated lobe is expected following BTVA, because this is the process that results in the atelectasis of a lobe and treatment of the patient. Unfortunately, the treated area will typically show infiltrates radiographically, that could be indistinguishable from pneumonia. Other symptoms or no syptoms might present at the same time, such as; fatigue, sputum, dyspnoea, fever, cough and haemoptysis. This inflammatory reactions appears to peak within the first 2–4 weeks and gradually resolves within 8–12 weeks of BTVA. (Figures 3 and 4) The patient need to be treated (that is, antibiotics and/or steroids) based on individual investigator clinical decisions. The LIR appears to be responsible for exacerbations and ‘pneumonia’, given the similarity or symptoms and radiographic findings. In the treated area a healing and repair process is characterised by fibrosis of the airways and parenchyma (that is, remodelling of the architecture of the lung). The atelectasis occurs distally from the treated region. The LVR is expected to increase elastic recoil by reducing the most compliant areas of the lung. Decompressing areas of healthy lung allows alveolar recruitment and improves the mechanical positioning of the respiratory muscles.
Figure 3 Radiographical findings on days 1, 3 and 30
Figure 4 Radiographical findings on day 95 with target lobe (right upper lobe) atelectasis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic disease that affects different systems of the body. Heart failure and morbidity is strongly associated with this disease.1 COPD is closely monitored by pulmonary function tests and imaging techniques, such as CT of the thorax. One of the main concerns is whether a patient will develop respiratory deficiency and will require life-long oxygen supplement on a 24-hour basis. Moreover, these patients tend to develop different patterns within the lung parenchyma such as emphysema or bronchiectasis, or both. The damage that develops (phenotype) depends on the patient’s genotype. Lack of α1-antitrypsin if any also plays a role in the development of emphysema or bronchiectasis.
Emphysema is differentiated as homogenous or heterogenous; however, one of the main issues is the lack of definition for each diagnosis. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is known to be an invasive therapeutic option for some patients, for others currently we have different minimal invasive techniques.2 Based on randomised controlled trials of medical management compared with LVRS (National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT)), LVRS-treated patients obtained improvements in lung function, symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life relative to the medically treated group.3 While long-term survival was improved, there was significant morbidity and mortality associated with surgery.3 The NETT study is considered as substantial evidence that benefits can be achieved with lung volume reduction (LVR) particularly those with heterogeneous emphysema and upper lobe predominance.3,4 Currently we can use different types of valves, coils, glue and thermal vapour ablation. Careful selection of a specific method is necessary before the application for each patient. The six minute walking test (6MWD), pulmonary function tests, nutrition, and special imaging techniques are used to assess each patient.
One of the most important issues is to present to the patient what to expect after each procedure; and that the main goal is improved quality of life. Moreover, that after every procedure constant monitoring and further non-medical rehabilitation with respiratory exercise and special nutrition is required. This article focuses on bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation (BTVA), which uses heated water vapour to produce a thermal reaction that leads to an initial localised inflammatory response followed by permanent fibrosis and atelectasis. The remodelling results in reductions in tissue and air volume of the targeted regions of the hyperinflated lung.5 In an early preclinical animal study, higher doses were used than in humans and a dose-dependent volume reduction was observed. Slightly moderate evidence of serious risk was observed. Nineteen out of twenty animals studied survived the procedure; the one death was due to severe pneumothorax.6
Eleven patients underwent the current protocol confirmed using a lower dose of unilateral BTVA with an acceptable safety profile. The efficacy observed was modest and therefore a higher dose would be possible.7 Some words regarding the system. The system comprises a vapour generator and a vapour catheter (Figures 1 and 2). The vapour generator is an electronically controlled pressure vessel that generates and delivers precise amounts of energy as a heated vapour through the vapour (balloon) catheter and into a targeted lung segment (Figure 2). The BTVA procedure is performed in an operating room or advanced bronchoscopic suite suite under general anaesthesia with jet-ventilation respiratory model. However; the respiratory model can change from one patient to another. The vapour catheter is introduced through the bronchoscope into the targeted lung segment selected for treatment, where an occlusion balloon is then inflated and the pre-determined vapour dose (10 cal/g-1 tissue) is delivered. A high resolution CAT scan is performed at full inspiration and scans are obtained at pre-treatment, and at three and six months post-treatment. The total air volume of the target lobe is calculated at each time-point, and the change in air volume is related to pre-treatment (lobar volume reduction (LoVR)) and expressed as a percentage of pre-treatment volume.
Figure 1 The vapour ablation system
Figure 2 Left panel: The catheter inside the target lobe with the balloon dilated during the procedure. Right panel: The vapour catheter distally from the target lobe, and the ablated area
In addition to the imaging efficacy end-points, the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity) index are calculated for each patient.8 All patients are monitored in the hospital for a minimum of 24 h following BTVA. After discharge, patients return to their home and have a close follow-up visits at one, two and four weeks, and then at three and six months. Serious adverse events are defined as those that are either fatal, life-threatening, requiring or prolonging hospitalisation, or resulting in persistent or significant disability or incapacity. Upon follow-up, a number of tests are performed including: laboratory tests that include complete blood count, biochemistry and non-specific inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (C-RP). Vital signs are also recorded during every visit. The mean procedure time is usually 29 min (range 12–58 min). Procedures are usually well-tolerated with most of the patients being discharged from the hospital within 24 hours. Until now there are no data for patients that required mechanical ventilation beyond the procedure time.
The average lobe volume loss from baseline in the treated lobes was 717.6 ± 78.8ml at three months and 715.5 ± 99.4ml at six months (p=0.001). This volume represents a 48% reduction in lobar volume in a recent reported study. It has been observed that the volume differences at six months are similar to those observed at three months. Compensatory hyperinflation of the contralateral lung has not been observed mainly due to the slow process of remodelling. Current data indicate that mean ± SE improvement in FEV1 has been observed at 139.1 ± 27.2ml (17%) at three months and 140.8 ± 26.3ml (17%) at six months (p=0.001). The mean ± SE improvement in SGRQ total score was 11.0 ± 2.3 and 14.0 ± 2.4 points at three and six months, showing no difference after three months’ observation. Today the largest difference has been observed in the activity domain (14.7 ± 2.8 points).
Dyspnoea (according to the mMRC index) improved by a mean of 0.9 ± 0.2 points at six months (p=0.001) and by at least one point in 63% of subjects. The average change in 6MWD has been observed between 23.5 ± 10.4m (p=0.029) and 46.5 ± 15.0m (p=0.001) at three and six months, respectively. The BODE score has been declined by 1.36 ± 0.27 and 1.4 ± 0.27 points at three and six months, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage is improving with FEV1 by 120.4 ± 30.7ml in GOLD stage III (p=0.001) and 171.3 ± 47.1ml in GOLD stage IV profile(p=0.002) patients. Corresponding improvements in the SGRQ total score have been observed between 12.4 ± 2.7 points (p=0.001) and 16.3 ± 4.5 (p=0.002) points at three and six months, respectively. Until now, the adverse respiratory effects that have been observed are of respiratory origin, such as: exacerbation, pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, haemoptysis, and inflammatory reactions. The adverse effects can occur at different times after the procedure from day 1 to past day 90. There is also a report of patient death 67 days after the procedure due to end-stage COPD. This patient was re-admitted for an exacerbation of COPD. Usually all patients had their adverse effects resolved with standard medical management. Changes in the HRCT of all the patients were observed.
The inflammatory response in the targeted area was associated with different clinical symptoms including fatigue, cough, fever, dyspnoea, sputum, and haemoptysis. A localised inflammatory reaction (LIR) within the treated lobe is expected following BTVA, because this is the process that results in the atelectasis of a lobe and treatment of the patient. Unfortunately, the treated area will typically show infiltrates radiographically, that could be indistinguishable from pneumonia. Other symptoms or no syptoms might present at the same time, such as; fatigue, sputum, dyspnoea, fever, cough and haemoptysis. This inflammatory reactions appears to peak within the first 2–4 weeks and gradually resolves within 8–12 weeks of BTVA. (Figures 3 and 4) The patient need to be treated (that is, antibiotics and/or steroids) based on individual investigator clinical decisions. The LIR appears to be responsible for exacerbations and ‘pneumonia’, given the similarity or symptoms and radiographic findings. In the treated area a healing and repair process is characterised by fibrosis of the airways and parenchyma (that is, remodelling of the architecture of the lung). The atelectasis occurs distally from the treated region. The LVR is expected to increase elastic recoil by reducing the most compliant areas of the lung. Decompressing areas of healthy lung allows alveolar recruitment and improves the mechanical positioning of the respiratory muscles.
Figure 3 Radiographical findings on days 1, 3 and 30
Figure 4 Radiographical findings on day 95 with target lobe (right upper lobe) atelectasis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic disease that affects different systems of the body. Heart failure and morbidity is strongly associated with this disease.1 COPD is closely monitored by pulmonary function tests and imaging techniques, such as CT of the thorax. One of the main concerns is whether a patient will develop respiratory deficiency and will require life-long oxygen supplement on a 24-hour basis. Moreover, these patients tend to develop different patterns within the lung parenchyma such as emphysema or bronchiectasis, or both. The damage that develops (phenotype) depends on the patient’s genotype. Lack of α1-antitrypsin if any also plays a role in the development of emphysema or bronchiectasis.
Emphysema is differentiated as homogenous or heterogenous; however, one of the main issues is the lack of definition for each diagnosis. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is known to be an invasive therapeutic option for some patients, for others currently we have different minimal invasive techniques.2 Based on randomised controlled trials of medical management compared with LVRS (National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT)), LVRS-treated patients obtained improvements in lung function, symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life relative to the medically treated group.3 While long-term survival was improved, there was significant morbidity and mortality associated with surgery.3 The NETT study is considered as substantial evidence that benefits can be achieved with lung volume reduction (LVR) particularly those with heterogeneous emphysema and upper lobe predominance.3,4 Currently we can use different types of valves, coils, glue and thermal vapour ablation. Careful selection of a specific method is necessary before the application for each patient. The six minute walking test (6MWD), pulmonary function tests, nutrition, and special imaging techniques are used to assess each patient.
One of the most important issues is to present to the patient what to expect after each procedure; and that the main goal is improved quality of life. Moreover, that after every procedure constant monitoring and further non-medical rehabilitation with respiratory exercise and special nutrition is required. This article focuses on bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation (BTVA), which uses heated water vapour to produce a thermal reaction that leads to an initial localised inflammatory response followed by permanent fibrosis and atelectasis. The remodelling results in reductions in tissue and air volume of the targeted regions of the hyperinflated lung.5 In an early preclinical animal study, higher doses were used than in humans and a dose-dependent volume reduction was observed. Slightly moderate evidence of serious risk was observed. Nineteen out of twenty animals studied survived the procedure; the one death was due to severe pneumothorax.6
Eleven patients underwent the current protocol confirmed using a lower dose of unilateral BTVA with an acceptable safety profile. The efficacy observed was modest and therefore a higher dose would be possible.7 Some words regarding the system. The system comprises a vapour generator and a vapour catheter (Figures 1 and 2). The vapour generator is an electronically controlled pressure vessel that generates and delivers precise amounts of energy as a heated vapour through the vapour (balloon) catheter and into a targeted lung segment (Figure 2). The BTVA procedure is performed in an operating room or advanced bronchoscopic suite suite under general anaesthesia with jet-ventilation respiratory model. However; the respiratory model can change from one patient to another. The vapour catheter is introduced through the bronchoscope into the targeted lung segment selected for treatment, where an occlusion balloon is then inflated and the pre-determined vapour dose (10 cal/g-1 tissue) is delivered. A high resolution CAT scan is performed at full inspiration and scans are obtained at pre-treatment, and at three and six months post-treatment. The total air volume of the target lobe is calculated at each time-point, and the change in air volume is related to pre-treatment (lobar volume reduction (LoVR)) and expressed as a percentage of pre-treatment volume.
Figure 1 The vapour ablation system
Figure 2 Left panel: The catheter inside the target lobe with the balloon dilated during the procedure. Right panel: The vapour catheter distally from the target lobe, and the ablated area
In addition to the imaging efficacy end-points, the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity) index are calculated for each patient.8 All patients are monitored in the hospital for a minimum of 24 h following BTVA. After discharge, patients return to their home and have a close follow-up visits at one, two and four weeks, and then at three and six months. Serious adverse events are defined as those that are either fatal, life-threatening, requiring or prolonging hospitalisation, or resulting in persistent or significant disability or incapacity. Upon follow-up, a number of tests are performed including: laboratory tests that include complete blood count, biochemistry and non-specific inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (C-RP). Vital signs are also recorded during every visit. The mean procedure time is usually 29 min (range 12–58 min). Procedures are usually well-tolerated with most of the patients being discharged from the hospital within 24 hours. Until now there are no data for patients that required mechanical ventilation beyond the procedure time.
The average lobe volume loss from baseline in the treated lobes was 717.6 ± 78.8ml at three months and 715.5 ± 99.4ml at six months (p=0.001). This volume represents a 48% reduction in lobar volume in a recent reported study. It has been observed that the volume differences at six months are similar to those observed at three months. Compensatory hyperinflation of the contralateral lung has not been observed mainly due to the slow process of remodelling. Current data indicate that mean ± SE improvement in FEV1 has been observed at 139.1 ± 27.2ml (17%) at three months and 140.8 ± 26.3ml (17%) at six months (p=0.001). The mean ± SE improvement in SGRQ total score was 11.0 ± 2.3 and 14.0 ± 2.4 points at three and six months, showing no difference after three months’ observation. Today the largest difference has been observed in the activity domain (14.7 ± 2.8 points).
Dyspnoea (according to the mMRC index) improved by a mean of 0.9 ± 0.2 points at six months (p=0.001) and by at least one point in 63% of subjects. The average change in 6MWD has been observed between 23.5 ± 10.4m (p=0.029) and 46.5 ± 15.0m (p=0.001) at three and six months, respectively. The BODE score has been declined by 1.36 ± 0.27 and 1.4 ± 0.27 points at three and six months, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage is improving with FEV1 by 120.4 ± 30.7ml in GOLD stage III (p=0.001) and 171.3 ± 47.1ml in GOLD stage IV profile(p=0.002) patients. Corresponding improvements in the SGRQ total score have been observed between 12.4 ± 2.7 points (p=0.001) and 16.3 ± 4.5 (p=0.002) points at three and six months, respectively. Until now, the adverse respiratory effects that have been observed are of respiratory origin, such as: exacerbation, pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, haemoptysis, and inflammatory reactions. The adverse effects can occur at different times after the procedure from day 1 to past day 90. There is also a report of patient death 67 days after the procedure due to end-stage COPD. This patient was re-admitted for an exacerbation of COPD. Usually all patients had their adverse effects resolved with standard medical management. Changes in the HRCT of all the patients were observed.
The inflammatory response in the targeted area was associated with different clinical symptoms including fatigue, cough, fever, dyspnoea, sputum, and haemoptysis. A localised inflammatory reaction (LIR) within the treated lobe is expected following BTVA, because this is the process that results in the atelectasis of a lobe and treatment of the patient. Unfortunately, the treated area will typically show infiltrates radiographically, that could be indistinguishable from pneumonia. Other symptoms or no syptoms might present at the same time, such as; fatigue, sputum, dyspnoea, fever, cough and haemoptysis. This inflammatory reactions appears to peak within the first 2–4 weeks and gradually resolves within 8–12 weeks of BTVA. (Figures 3 and 4) The patient need to be treated (that is, antibiotics and/or steroids) based on individual investigator clinical decisions. The LIR appears to be responsible for exacerbations and ‘pneumonia’, given the similarity or symptoms and radiographic findings. In the treated area a healing and repair process is characterised by fibrosis of the airways and parenchyma (that is, remodelling of the architecture of the lung). The atelectasis occurs distally from the treated region. The LVR is expected to increase elastic recoil by reducing the most compliant areas of the lung. Decompressing areas of healthy lung allows alveolar recruitment and improves the mechanical positioning of the respiratory muscles.
Figure 3 Radiographical findings on days 1, 3 and 30
Figure 4 Radiographical findings on day 95 with target lobe (right upper lobe) atelectasis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic disease that affects different systems of the body. Heart failure and morbidity is strongly associated with this disease.1 COPD is closely monitored by pulmonary function tests and imaging techniques, such as CT of the thorax. One of the main concerns is whether a patient will develop respiratory deficiency and will require life-long oxygen supplement on a 24-hour basis. Moreover, these patients tend to develop different patterns within the lung parenchyma such as emphysema or bronchiectasis, or both. The damage that develops (phenotype) depends on the patient’s genotype. Lack of α1-antitrypsin if any also plays a role in the development of emphysema or bronchiectasis.
Emphysema is differentiated as homogenous or heterogenous; however, one of the main issues is the lack of definition for each diagnosis. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is known to be an invasive therapeutic option for some patients, for others currently we have different minimal invasive techniques.2 Based on randomised controlled trials of medical management compared with LVRS (National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT)), LVRS-treated patients obtained improvements in lung function, symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life relative to the medically treated group.3 While long-term survival was improved, there was significant morbidity and mortality associated with surgery.3 The NETT study is considered as substantial evidence that benefits can be achieved with lung volume reduction (LVR) particularly those with heterogeneous emphysema and upper lobe predominance.3,4 Currently we can use different types of valves, coils, glue and thermal vapour ablation. Careful selection of a specific method is necessary before the application for each patient. The six minute walking test (6MWD), pulmonary function tests, nutrition, and special imaging techniques are used to assess each patient.
One of the most important issues is to present to the patient what to expect after each procedure; and that the main goal is improved quality of life. Moreover, that after every procedure constant monitoring and further non-medical rehabilitation with respiratory exercise and special nutrition is required. This article focuses on bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation (BTVA), which uses heated water vapour to produce a thermal reaction that leads to an initial localised inflammatory response followed by permanent fibrosis and atelectasis. The remodelling results in reductions in tissue and air volume of the targeted regions of the hyperinflated lung.5 In an early preclinical animal study, higher doses were used than in humans and a dose-dependent volume reduction was observed. Slightly moderate evidence of serious risk was observed. Nineteen out of twenty animals studied survived the procedure; the one death was due to severe pneumothorax.6
Eleven patients underwent the current protocol confirmed using a lower dose of unilateral BTVA with an acceptable safety profile. The efficacy observed was modest and therefore a higher dose would be possible.7 Some words regarding the system. The system comprises a vapour generator and a vapour catheter (Figures 1 and 2). The vapour generator is an electronically controlled pressure vessel that generates and delivers precise amounts of energy as a heated vapour through the vapour (balloon) catheter and into a targeted lung segment (Figure 2). The BTVA procedure is performed in an operating room or advanced bronchoscopic suite suite under general anaesthesia with jet-ventilation respiratory model. However; the respiratory model can change from one patient to another. The vapour catheter is introduced through the bronchoscope into the targeted lung segment selected for treatment, where an occlusion balloon is then inflated and the pre-determined vapour dose (10 cal/g-1 tissue) is delivered. A high resolution CAT scan is performed at full inspiration and scans are obtained at pre-treatment, and at three and six months post-treatment. The total air volume of the target lobe is calculated at each time-point, and the change in air volume is related to pre-treatment (lobar volume reduction (LoVR)) and expressed as a percentage of pre-treatment volume.
Figure 1 The vapour ablation system
Figure 2 Left panel: The catheter inside the target lobe with the balloon dilated during the procedure. Right panel: The vapour catheter distally from the target lobe, and the ablated area
In addition to the imaging efficacy end-points, the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity) index are calculated for each patient.8 All patients are monitored in the hospital for a minimum of 24 h following BTVA. After discharge, patients return to their home and have a close follow-up visits at one, two and four weeks, and then at three and six months. Serious adverse events are defined as those that are either fatal, life-threatening, requiring or prolonging hospitalisation, or resulting in persistent or significant disability or incapacity. Upon follow-up, a number of tests are performed including: laboratory tests that include complete blood count, biochemistry and non-specific inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (C-RP). Vital signs are also recorded during every visit. The mean procedure time is usually 29 min (range 12–58 min). Procedures are usually well-tolerated with most of the patients being discharged from the hospital within 24 hours. Until now there are no data for patients that required mechanical ventilation beyond the procedure time.
The average lobe volume loss from baseline in the treated lobes was 717.6 ± 78.8ml at three months and 715.5 ± 99.4ml at six months (p=0.001). This volume represents a 48% reduction in lobar volume in a recent reported study. It has been observed that the volume differences at six months are similar to those observed at three months. Compensatory hyperinflation of the contralateral lung has not been observed mainly due to the slow process of remodelling. Current data indicate that mean ± SE improvement in FEV1 has been observed at 139.1 ± 27.2ml (17%) at three months and 140.8 ± 26.3ml (17%) at six months (p=0.001). The mean ± SE improvement in SGRQ total score was 11.0 ± 2.3 and 14.0 ± 2.4 points at three and six months, showing no difference after three months’ observation. Today the largest difference has been observed in the activity domain (14.7 ± 2.8 points).
Dyspnoea (according to the mMRC index) improved by a mean of 0.9 ± 0.2 points at six months (p=0.001) and by at least one point in 63% of subjects. The average change in 6MWD has been observed between 23.5 ± 10.4m (p=0.029) and 46.5 ± 15.0m (p=0.001) at three and six months, respectively. The BODE score has been declined by 1.36 ± 0.27 and 1.4 ± 0.27 points at three and six months, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage is improving with FEV1 by 120.4 ± 30.7ml in GOLD stage III (p=0.001) and 171.3 ± 47.1ml in GOLD stage IV profile(p=0.002) patients. Corresponding improvements in the SGRQ total score have been observed between 12.4 ± 2.7 points (p=0.001) and 16.3 ± 4.5 (p=0.002) points at three and six months, respectively. Until now, the adverse respiratory effects that have been observed are of respiratory origin, such as: exacerbation, pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, haemoptysis, and inflammatory reactions. The adverse effects can occur at different times after the procedure from day 1 to past day 90. There is also a report of patient death 67 days after the procedure due to end-stage COPD. This patient was re-admitted for an exacerbation of COPD. Usually all patients had their adverse effects resolved with standard medical management. Changes in the HRCT of all the patients were observed.
The inflammatory response in the targeted area was associated with different clinical symptoms including fatigue, cough, fever, dyspnoea, sputum, and haemoptysis. A localised inflammatory reaction (LIR) within the treated lobe is expected following BTVA, because this is the process that results in the atelectasis of a lobe and treatment of the patient. Unfortunately, the treated area will typically show infiltrates radiographically, that could be indistinguishable from pneumonia. Other symptoms or no syptoms might present at the same time, such as; fatigue, sputum, dyspnoea, fever, cough and haemoptysis. This inflammatory reactions appears to peak within the first 2–4 weeks and gradually resolves within 8–12 weeks of BTVA. (Figures 3 and 4) The patient need to be treated (that is, antibiotics and/or steroids) based on individual investigator clinical decisions. The LIR appears to be responsible for exacerbations and ‘pneumonia’, given the similarity or symptoms and radiographic findings. In the treated area a healing and repair process is characterised by fibrosis of the airways and parenchyma (that is, remodelling of the architecture of the lung). The atelectasis occurs distally from the treated region. The LVR is expected to increase elastic recoil by reducing the most compliant areas of the lung. Decompressing areas of healthy lung allows alveolar recruitment and improves the mechanical positioning of the respiratory muscles.
Figure 3 Radiographical findings on days 1, 3 and 30
Figure 4 Radiographical findings on day 95 with target lobe (right upper lobe) atelectasis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic disease that affects different systems of the body. Heart failure and morbidity is strongly associated with this disease.1 COPD is closely monitored by pulmonary function tests and imaging techniques, such as CT of the thorax. One of the main concerns is whether a patient will develop respiratory deficiency and will require life-long oxygen supplement on a 24-hour basis. Moreover, these patients tend to develop different patterns within the lung parenchyma such as emphysema or bronchiectasis, or both. The damage that develops (phenotype) depends on the patient’s genotype. Lack of α1-antitrypsin if any also plays a role in the development of emphysema or bronchiectasis.
Emphysema is differentiated as homogenous or heterogenous; however, one of the main issues is the lack of definition for each diagnosis. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is known to be an invasive therapeutic option for some patients, for others currently we have different minimal invasive techniques.2 Based on randomised controlled trials of medical management compared with LVRS (National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT)), LVRS-treated patients obtained improvements in lung function, symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life relative to the medically treated group.3 While long-term survival was improved, there was significant morbidity and mortality associated with surgery.3 The NETT study is considered as substantial evidence that benefits can be achieved with lung volume reduction (LVR) particularly those with heterogeneous emphysema and upper lobe predominance.3,4 Currently we can use different types of valves, coils, glue and thermal vapour ablation. Careful selection of a specific method is necessary before the application for each patient. The six minute walking test (6MWD), pulmonary function tests, nutrition, and special imaging techniques are used to assess each patient.
One of the most important issues is to present to the patient what to expect after each procedure; and that the main goal is improved quality of life. Moreover, that after every procedure constant monitoring and further non-medical rehabilitation with respiratory exercise and special nutrition is required. This article focuses on bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation (BTVA), which uses heated water vapour to produce a thermal reaction that leads to an initial localised inflammatory response followed by permanent fibrosis and atelectasis. The remodelling results in reductions in tissue and air volume of the targeted regions of the hyperinflated lung.5 In an early preclinical animal study, higher doses were used than in humans and a dose-dependent volume reduction was observed. Slightly moderate evidence of serious risk was observed. Nineteen out of twenty animals studied survived the procedure; the one death was due to severe pneumothorax.6
Eleven patients underwent the current protocol confirmed using a lower dose of unilateral BTVA with an acceptable safety profile. The efficacy observed was modest and therefore a higher dose would be possible.7 Some words regarding the system. The system comprises a vapour generator and a vapour catheter (Figures 1 and 2). The vapour generator is an electronically controlled pressure vessel that generates and delivers precise amounts of energy as a heated vapour through the vapour (balloon) catheter and into a targeted lung segment (Figure 2). The BTVA procedure is performed in an operating room or advanced bronchoscopic suite suite under general anaesthesia with jet-ventilation respiratory model. However; the respiratory model can change from one patient to another. The vapour catheter is introduced through the bronchoscope into the targeted lung segment selected for treatment, where an occlusion balloon is then inflated and the pre-determined vapour dose (10 cal/g-1 tissue) is delivered. A high resolution CAT scan is performed at full inspiration and scans are obtained at pre-treatment, and at three and six months post-treatment. The total air volume of the target lobe is calculated at each time-point, and the change in air volume is related to pre-treatment (lobar volume reduction (LoVR)) and expressed as a percentage of pre-treatment volume.
Figure 1 The vapour ablation system
Figure 2 Left panel: The catheter inside the target lobe with the balloon dilated during the procedure. Right panel: The vapour catheter distally from the target lobe, and the ablated area
In addition to the imaging efficacy end-points, the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity) index are calculated for each patient.8 All patients are monitored in the hospital for a minimum of 24 h following BTVA. After discharge, patients return to their home and have a close follow-up visits at one, two and four weeks, and then at three and six months. Serious adverse events are defined as those that are either fatal, life-threatening, requiring or prolonging hospitalisation, or resulting in persistent or significant disability or incapacity. Upon follow-up, a number of tests are performed including: laboratory tests that include complete blood count, biochemistry and non-specific inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (C-RP). Vital signs are also recorded during every visit. The mean procedure time is usually 29 min (range 12–58 min). Procedures are usually well-tolerated with most of the patients being discharged from the hospital within 24 hours. Until now there are no data for patients that required mechanical ventilation beyond the procedure time.
The average lobe volume loss from baseline in the treated lobes was 717.6 ± 78.8ml at three months and 715.5 ± 99.4ml at six months (p=0.001). This volume represents a 48% reduction in lobar volume in a recent reported study. It has been observed that the volume differences at six months are similar to those observed at three months. Compensatory hyperinflation of the contralateral lung has not been observed mainly due to the slow process of remodelling. Current data indicate that mean ± SE improvement in FEV1 has been observed at 139.1 ± 27.2ml (17%) at three months and 140.8 ± 26.3ml (17%) at six months (p=0.001). The mean ± SE improvement in SGRQ total score was 11.0 ± 2.3 and 14.0 ± 2.4 points at three and six months, showing no difference after three months’ observation. Today the largest difference has been observed in the activity domain (14.7 ± 2.8 points).
Dyspnoea (according to the mMRC index) improved by a mean of 0.9 ± 0.2 points at six months (p=0.001) and by at least one point in 63% of subjects. The average change in 6MWD has been observed between 23.5 ± 10.4m (p=0.029) and 46.5 ± 15.0m (p=0.001) at three and six months, respectively. The BODE score has been declined by 1.36 ± 0.27 and 1.4 ± 0.27 points at three and six months, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage is improving with FEV1 by 120.4 ± 30.7ml in GOLD stage III (p=0.001) and 171.3 ± 47.1ml in GOLD stage IV profile(p=0.002) patients. Corresponding improvements in the SGRQ total score have been observed between 12.4 ± 2.7 points (p=0.001) and 16.3 ± 4.5 (p=0.002) points at three and six months, respectively. Until now, the adverse respiratory effects that have been observed are of respiratory origin, such as: exacerbation, pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, haemoptysis, and inflammatory reactions. The adverse effects can occur at different times after the procedure from day 1 to past day 90. There is also a report of patient death 67 days after the procedure due to end-stage COPD. This patient was re-admitted for an exacerbation of COPD. Usually all patients had their adverse effects resolved with standard medical management. Changes in the HRCT of all the patients were observed.
The inflammatory response in the targeted area was associated with different clinical symptoms including fatigue, cough, fever, dyspnoea, sputum, and haemoptysis. A localised inflammatory reaction (LIR) within the treated lobe is expected following BTVA, because this is the process that results in the atelectasis of a lobe and treatment of the patient. Unfortunately, the treated area will typically show infiltrates radiographically, that could be indistinguishable from pneumonia. Other symptoms or no syptoms might present at the same time, such as; fatigue, sputum, dyspnoea, fever, cough and haemoptysis. This inflammatory reactions appears to peak within the first 2–4 weeks and gradually resolves within 8–12 weeks of BTVA. (Figures 3 and 4) The patient need to be treated (that is, antibiotics and/or steroids) based on individual investigator clinical decisions. The LIR appears to be responsible for exacerbations and ‘pneumonia’, given the similarity or symptoms and radiographic findings. In the treated area a healing and repair process is characterised by fibrosis of the airways and parenchyma (that is, remodelling of the architecture of the lung). The atelectasis occurs distally from the treated region. The LVR is expected to increase elastic recoil by reducing the most compliant areas of the lung. Decompressing areas of healthy lung allows alveolar recruitment and improves the mechanical positioning of the respiratory muscles.
Figure 3 Radiographical findings on days 1, 3 and 30
Figure 4 Radiographical findings on day 95 with target lobe (right upper lobe) atelectasis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic disease that affects different systems of the body. Heart failure and morbidity is strongly associated with this disease.1 COPD is closely monitored by pulmonary function tests and imaging techniques, such as CT of the thorax. One of the main concerns is whether a patient will develop respiratory deficiency and will require life-long oxygen supplement on a 24-hour basis. Moreover, these patients tend to develop different patterns within the lung parenchyma such as emphysema or bronchiectasis, or both. The damage that develops (phenotype) depends on the patient’s genotype. Lack of α1-antitrypsin if any also plays a role in the development of emphysema or bronchiectasis.
Emphysema is differentiated as homogenous or heterogenous; however, one of the main issues is the lack of definition for each diagnosis. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is known to be an invasive therapeutic option for some patients, for others currently we have different minimal invasive techniques.2 Based on randomised controlled trials of medical management compared with LVRS (National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT)), LVRS-treated patients obtained improvements in lung function, symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life relative to the medically treated group.3 While long-term survival was improved, there was significant morbidity and mortality associated with surgery.3 The NETT study is considered as substantial evidence that benefits can be achieved with lung volume reduction (LVR) particularly those with heterogeneous emphysema and upper lobe predominance.3,4 Currently we can use different types of valves, coils, glue and thermal vapour ablation. Careful selection of a specific method is necessary before the application for each patient. The six minute walking test (6MWD), pulmonary function tests, nutrition, and special imaging techniques are used to assess each patient.
One of the most important issues is to present to the patient what to expect after each procedure; and that the main goal is improved quality of life. Moreover, that after every procedure constant monitoring and further non-medical rehabilitation with respiratory exercise and special nutrition is required. This article focuses on bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation (BTVA), which uses heated water vapour to produce a thermal reaction that leads to an initial localised inflammatory response followed by permanent fibrosis and atelectasis. The remodelling results in reductions in tissue and air volume of the targeted regions of the hyperinflated lung.5 In an early preclinical animal study, higher doses were used than in humans and a dose-dependent volume reduction was observed. Slightly moderate evidence of serious risk was observed. Nineteen out of twenty animals studied survived the procedure; the one death was due to severe pneumothorax.6
Eleven patients underwent the current protocol confirmed using a lower dose of unilateral BTVA with an acceptable safety profile. The efficacy observed was modest and therefore a higher dose would be possible.7 Some words regarding the system. The system comprises a vapour generator and a vapour catheter (Figures 1 and 2). The vapour generator is an electronically controlled pressure vessel that generates and delivers precise amounts of energy as a heated vapour through the vapour (balloon) catheter and into a targeted lung segment (Figure 2). The BTVA procedure is performed in an operating room or advanced bronchoscopic suite suite under general anaesthesia with jet-ventilation respiratory model. However; the respiratory model can change from one patient to another. The vapour catheter is introduced through the bronchoscope into the targeted lung segment selected for treatment, where an occlusion balloon is then inflated and the pre-determined vapour dose (10 cal/g-1 tissue) is delivered. A high resolution CAT scan is performed at full inspiration and scans are obtained at pre-treatment, and at three and six months post-treatment. The total air volume of the target lobe is calculated at each time-point, and the change in air volume is related to pre-treatment (lobar volume reduction (LoVR)) and expressed as a percentage of pre-treatment volume.
Figure 1 The vapour ablation system
Figure 2 Left panel: The catheter inside the target lobe with the balloon dilated during the procedure. Right panel: The vapour catheter distally from the target lobe, and the ablated area
In addition to the imaging efficacy end-points, the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity) index are calculated for each patient.8 All patients are monitored in the hospital for a minimum of 24 h following BTVA. After discharge, patients return to their home and have a close follow-up visits at one, two and four weeks, and then at three and six months. Serious adverse events are defined as those that are either fatal, life-threatening, requiring or prolonging hospitalisation, or resulting in persistent or significant disability or incapacity. Upon follow-up, a number of tests are performed including: laboratory tests that include complete blood count, biochemistry and non-specific inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (C-RP). Vital signs are also recorded during every visit. The mean procedure time is usually 29 min (range 12–58 min). Procedures are usually well-tolerated with most of the patients being discharged from the hospital within 24 hours. Until now there are no data for patients that required mechanical ventilation beyond the procedure time.
The average lobe volume loss from baseline in the treated lobes was 717.6 ± 78.8ml at three months and 715.5 ± 99.4ml at six months (p=0.001). This volume represents a 48% reduction in lobar volume in a recent reported study. It has been observed that the volume differences at six months are similar to those observed at three months. Compensatory hyperinflation of the contralateral lung has not been observed mainly due to the slow process of remodelling. Current data indicate that mean ± SE improvement in FEV1 has been observed at 139.1 ± 27.2ml (17%) at three months and 140.8 ± 26.3ml (17%) at six months (p=0.001). The mean ± SE improvement in SGRQ total score was 11.0 ± 2.3 and 14.0 ± 2.4 points at three and six months, showing no difference after three months’ observation. Today the largest difference has been observed in the activity domain (14.7 ± 2.8 points).
Dyspnoea (according to the mMRC index) improved by a mean of 0.9 ± 0.2 points at six months (p=0.001) and by at least one point in 63% of subjects. The average change in 6MWD has been observed between 23.5 ± 10.4m (p=0.029) and 46.5 ± 15.0m (p=0.001) at three and six months, respectively. The BODE score has been declined by 1.36 ± 0.27 and 1.4 ± 0.27 points at three and six months, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage is improving with FEV1 by 120.4 ± 30.7ml in GOLD stage III (p=0.001) and 171.3 ± 47.1ml in GOLD stage IV profile(p=0.002) patients. Corresponding improvements in the SGRQ total score have been observed between 12.4 ± 2.7 points (p=0.001) and 16.3 ± 4.5 (p=0.002) points at three and six months, respectively. Until now, the adverse respiratory effects that have been observed are of respiratory origin, such as: exacerbation, pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, haemoptysis, and inflammatory reactions. The adverse effects can occur at different times after the procedure from day 1 to past day 90. There is also a report of patient death 67 days after the procedure due to end-stage COPD. This patient was re-admitted for an exacerbation of COPD. Usually all patients had their adverse effects resolved with standard medical management. Changes in the HRCT of all the patients were observed.
The inflammatory response in the targeted area was associated with different clinical symptoms including fatigue, cough, fever, dyspnoea, sputum, and haemoptysis. A localised inflammatory reaction (LIR) within the treated lobe is expected following BTVA, because this is the process that results in the atelectasis of a lobe and treatment of the patient. Unfortunately, the treated area will typically show infiltrates radiographically, that could be indistinguishable from pneumonia. Other symptoms or no syptoms might present at the same time, such as; fatigue, sputum, dyspnoea, fever, cough and haemoptysis. This inflammatory reactions appears to peak within the first 2–4 weeks and gradually resolves within 8–12 weeks of BTVA. (Figures 3 and 4) The patient need to be treated (that is, antibiotics and/or steroids) based on individual investigator clinical decisions. The LIR appears to be responsible for exacerbations and ‘pneumonia’, given the similarity or symptoms and radiographic findings. In the treated area a healing and repair process is characterised by fibrosis of the airways and parenchyma (that is, remodelling of the architecture of the lung). The atelectasis occurs distally from the treated region. The LVR is expected to increase elastic recoil by reducing the most compliant areas of the lung. Decompressing areas of healthy lung allows alveolar recruitment and improves the mechanical positioning of the respiratory muscles.
Figure 3 Radiographical findings on days 1, 3 and 30
Figure 4 Radiographical findings on day 95 with target lobe (right upper lobe) atelectasis
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