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16th May 2024
A lack of physical activity in children as they grow into adulthood causes significant heart damage that could put them at an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in later life, a new study has found.
Researchers found that increased sedentary time in adolescence increases heart mass, leading to long-term impacts on the heart’s structure and function.
The findings, published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, show that encouraging even light physical activity in children can positively impact their future cardiac health and reduce the risk of premature heart damage.
The preliminary results of this study were presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress in August 2023.
Increasing levels of physical activity are known to improve cardiometabolic and vascular health among young people. This has led to the recommendation that children under 18 undertake an average of 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity daily.
However, there is limited research showing how sedentary time and physical activity affect changes in heart structure and function over time in children.
To address this issue, researchers from the Universities of Exeter, Bristol and Eastern Finland analysed data from 1,682 children and young people who are part of the University of Bristol’s Children of the 90s cohort.
Activity levels were measured using accelerometer devices at ages 11, 15 and 24, including time spent sedentary or engaged in light-intensity physical activity or moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity.
The researchers examined changes to their cardiac structural and functional properties during growth until young adulthood through echocardiography measurements at ages 17 and 24.
Blood samples were also measured for markers of cardiovascular risk including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Blood pressure, heart rate, smoking status, socio-economic status, family history of cardiovascular disease, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured fat mass and lean mass were accounted for in the analyses.
At age 11, the children spent an average of six hours per day in sedentary activities, which increased to nine hours per day by young adulthood. The researchers found this significant increase in sedentary time contributed 40% of the total increase in heart mass seen in participants from ages 17 to 24.
The results were similar in children and adolescents with either normal weight or overweight and obesity, and in children with either normal blood pressure or high blood pressure.
However, the increase in cardiac mass was reduced on average by almost half (49%) over the seven-year observation period due to light physical activity. This involved participation in activities such as walking, cycling, playing in the playground and gardening for at least three hours per day, combined with decreasing sedentary time.
In comparison, for each additional minute of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during childhood, the researchers found a 5% increase in cardiac mass out of the total expected increase occurring between adolescence and young adulthood.
They say their findings show that sedentary time contributes eight times more to increased cardiac mass than moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, the latter of which is associated with physiological increase.
The researchers suggest that childhood sedentariness causes increased body fat, inflammation, blood pressure, lipid levels, arterial stiffness and subsequent cardiac enlargement, which leads to poor cardiac health later in life.
Professor Andrew Agbaje, professor (associate) of clinical epidemiology and child health at the Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, said: ‘Childhood sedentariness is a ticking time bomb, and tackling the problem should be a public health priority. Light physical activity is the only effective antidote against sedentariness and it’s fairly easy to accumulate three to four hours a day.’
Professor Agbaje added: ‘There should be a political will at local, national and global levels to promote light physical activity. We need to act now because the economic and health cost of sedentariness may become unbearable. Public health experts, health policymakers, paediatricians and parents should encourage kids to participate in daily light physical activity straight away.’
A version of this article was originally published by our sister publication Nursing in Practice.
30th August 2023
Being more sedentary in childhood leads to a higher left ventricular mass in young adulthood, which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. This was the key finding of a study presented at the recent European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Congress 2023 in Amsterdam.
The study also revealed that this increased risk occurred even in those with a normal weight and blood pressure.
The first study to investigate the cumulative effect of smartwatch-assessed sedentary time in young people and cardiac damage later in life, the researchers asked children aged 11 to wear a smartwatch with an activity tracker for seven days. This was repeated at 15 years of age and again at age 24.
Echocardiography which the imaging modality of choice to assess left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, was used assess the mass of the left ventricle. Measurements were undertaken at ages 17 and 24 years of age and reported in grams relative to height (g/m2.7).
The study enrolled 766 children (55% girls). At 11 years of age, the participants were sedentary for an average of 362 minutes a day. This rose to an average of 474 minutes a day in those 15 years of age, and further still to 531 minutes by age 24.
Sedentary time therefore increased by an average of 169 minutes or 2.8 hours per day between childhood and young adulthood.
The researchers calculated that each one-minute increase in sedentary time from 11 to 24 years of age, was associated with a 0.004 g/m2.7 increase in left ventricular mass between the ages of 17 and 24 years.
When multiplied by 169 minutes of additional inactivity, this equates to a 0.7 g/m2.7 daily rise – the equivalent of a 3 g increase in left ventricular mass between echocardiography measurements at the average height gain.
Study author Dr Andrew Agbaje of the University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio, Finland, said: ‘Children were sedentary for more than six hours a day and this increased by nearly three hours a day by the time they reached young adulthood.
‘Our study indicates that the accumulation of inactive time is related to heart damage regardless of body weight and blood pressure. Parents should encourage children and teenagers to move more by taking them out for a walk and limiting time spent on social media and video games’.
9th May 2023
Undiagnosed hypertension appears to be present in a large number of young men and who seem to be otherwise healthy. Rod Tucker explores the evidence and discusses how screening young adults for the condition could have a big impact on patient care.
Globally, hypertension is the main cause of cardiovascular disease and leading cause of early death. Moreover, there are several recognised risk factors for the disease and modification of these can reduce the risk of developing hypertension. But to what extent does the condition remain undiagnosed and what specific factors contribute to this under-diagnosis?
This was a question posed in a recent report by the UK’s Office for National statistics (ONS). The team used data from a sample of 21,476 adults and examined both the prevalence of the condition and the degree to which it was undiagnosed. The report estimated that hypertension (defined as blood pressure greater than 140/90mmHg) affected approximately 32% of adults living in private households in England. An additional finding was the condition remained undetected in 29% of cases, which equates to some 4.2 million adults across England.
But perhaps of greater concern, was that hypertension was less likely to be diagnosed among younger adults, largely because, as a group, such individuals are generally perceived as having better health. The ONS analysis suggested that undiagnosed hypertension was present in 66% of men and 26% of women, aged 16-24.
To put this into perspective, the ONS estimated that only 17% of men and 21% of women aged 75 years and over – where hypertension is much more common – had undiagnosed disease. Although younger men were were proportionately more likely to be undiagnosed than older adults, the highest total estimated number of cases of unrecognised hypertension was seen in males aged 55-64 years (500,000 cases) and females aged 65-74 years (460,000 cases).
But were there any specific factors or reasons to account for undiagnosed disease? In a further analysis, the ONS identified, for instance, hypertension was more prevalent when an individual self-reported their general health as ‘very good or good’ (males 41%, females 28%) compared with ‘bad or very bad’ (males 18%, females 14%). Interestingly, while being overweight or obese are recognised risk factors for the condition, undetected disease was actually more likely in men who were not overweight or obese (44%) compared with obese individuals (30%). Additional factors included those who had never smoked (36%) and if they lived in a rural (42%) as opposed to an urban location (32%).
The authors of the report propose that their data provides valuable insight for health services to help improve outcomes. Yet, this immediately raises a problem for healthcare providers in that the current risk stratification process for hypertension screening is predicated on the fact that the disease has a lower prevalence in younger adults. For example, one US study of 21,581 individuals found that a normal blood pressure was observed in 57.8% of those aged 18-44.
In other work by the CDC in the US, hypertension was identified in just over a fifth (22.4%) of those aged 18-39. Consequently, younger adults are likely to be excluded from hypertension services. In fact, the recently introduced NHS community pharmacy blood pressure check service in the UK is designed to ‘identify people over the age of 40 who have previously not been diagnosed with hypertension’.
Is it right to exclude younger people from hypertension screening? While levels of hypertension are generally lower in the younger age group, this is confounded to some extent by the current obesity epidemic. For instance, it has been suggested that approximately 30% of obese adolescents have hypertension. Furthermore, other estimates are that one in eight adults aged between 20 and 40 years have hypertension and that it is associated with abnormalities on heart and brain imaging, increasing the likelihood of cardiovascular events by middle age. Nevertheless, despite these risks, there is currently a paucity of randomised trial data demonstrating a health benefit from blood pressure lowering in this patient group.
But if there is one important take-home message from the ONS report, it is that the current risk stratification for hypertension screening requires modification and should not be age-restricted. Screening young people, especially if they are either overweight or obese, would enable an assessment of end-organ damage in those with even mildly elevated blood pressure. This revised strategy would allow clinicians to provide relevant lifestyle advice and to instigate therapy where this fails. Such an approach would inevitably help to identify and improve outcomes for those with undiagnosed hypertension.
19th November 2021
The level of cancer diagnoses in young people fell during the first-wave of the COVID-19 pandemic but there was also an increased likelihood of admission to intensive for cancers diagnosed during the period. This was the finding from a study by researchers from Oxford University, UK who discussed their findings in a poster presentation at the National Cancer Research Institute conference.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on cancer services in the majority of countries across the world. In the UK, a survey by Cancer Research UK in July 2020, found that 2 in 3 cancer patients reported that their cancer care had been impacted and that ratings of overall cancer care as ‘very good’ decreased from 75% ‘before lockdown started’ to 37% ‘after lockdown started’. Moreover, other research shows that in England, there were approximately 3.4 million fewer key diagnostic tests performed between March and August 2020 compared with the same period in 2019.
Given the likely impact of delays in diagnostics, the Oxford team were interested in determining how in England, the first wave of the pandemic affected childhood, teenager and young adult cancer incidence rates, diagnostic and treatment time-intervals and cancer-related intensive care (ICU) admissions. They used the QResearch database, which is derived from the anonymised health records of over 35 million patients. In addition, since QReseaerch is also linked to linked to hospital admission, mortality and cancer diagnoses data held with a disease register, it was possible for the researchers to make links between these three factors. For the present study, researchers focused on central nervous system (CNS) tumours, lymphomas, leukaemias, sarcomas and renal tumours in those aged up to 25 years of age. They compared the incidence of these cancer diagnoses between 1st February to the 15th August 2020 and compared their findings to the three preceding pre-pandemic years. As well as the number of diagnoses, the team also analysed the length of time before treatment started after diagnosis and whether or not these patients were diagnosed after being admitted to intensive care.
Findings
A total of 2607 cancer diagnoses were made from 1st January 2017-15th August 2020, with 380 during the pandemic. Overall, this represented a 17% reduction (95% CI -38% to – 6%) in the incidence-rate-ratio during the first wave of the pandemic. In particular there was a 38% (95% CI -52% to -21%)] decrease in CNS tumours and a 28% (95% CI -45% to -5%) reduction in lymphomas. Interestingly, the researchers observed that childhood cancers that were diagnosed during the pandemic were more than twice as likely to be associated with an ICU admissions (adjusted odd ratio, OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.33 – 3.47).
The researchers also observed that the median time to diagnosis was not significantly different across the different time periods (+4.5 days, 95% CI -20.5 days to +29.5) and the median time to treatment was actually shorter during the pandemic (-0.7 days, 95% CI -1.1 to -0.30).
The authors concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial reduction in the detection of cancer in young adults but was also associated with an increase in cancer-related ICU admissions. They suggested that this was probably due to more severe baseline disease at diagnosis and that overall, their findings demonstrate a clear disruption to cancer diagnostic pathways in this age group which need to be addressed urgently in the recovery phase of the pandemic.
Citation
Saatci D et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer diagnostic pathways in children, teenagers and young adults: a cohort study in England. NCRI conference 2021
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