During this winter period, it has become clear that the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK is under even more than the usual additional strain.
With routine operations already being cancelled to manage emergency treatment, hospitals cannot afford any delayed discharge of patients because of the knock-on impact on available beds. However, evidence suggests that delayed discharge is once again on the rise.
The rise of delayed discharge
The media is already making headlines from numerous figures, including:
- Delayed discharge currently costs the NHS £900 million a year, including over £100 million in Scotland;
- Up to 8000 deaths a year may be caused by increases in delayed discharge; and
- Delayed discharge has risen 52 per cent in the last three years.
Delayed discharge, also known as “bed-blocking”, occurs when patients are well enough to be discharged from hospital, but remain there because they do not have the correct care, support or equipment at home or in the community to continue their recovery. These patients can often spend weeks in hospital when they could be cared for at home or in the community, where their recovery might well be quicker. This practice is putting unnecessary pressure on A&E departments and wards, increasing waiting times and staffing costs, and often leading to cancelled operations.
This is not a simple problem. It occurs at the boundary between health and social care (and perhaps more importantly, their budgets), and involves issues relating to family responsibilities. Various solutions have been trialled to address the issue, with mixed results but often increasing costs. These have included increasing the supply of nursing staff, building more care homes, keeping a ready supply of equipment in hospitals and changing the system of managing people coming to A&E, as well as merging health and social care organisations and budgets.
Developing patient flow modelling
No single organisation will ever hold all the answers to delayed discharge or bed-blocking. Cooperation is always going to be the best way to attempt to manage the problem, and, indeed, to improve patient outcomes across the system.
However, individual organisations can improve matters, for example, by use of patient flow modelling. This is a discrete simulation model which will allow hospitals to improve patient management, bed control, the logistics supporting the movement of patients and overall bed use.
The model includes:
- Patient points of entry;
- Recovery units;
- Hold time thresholds;
- Routing process; and
- Staffing levels/beds.
It can be used to model complex interactions between patients and units, key decision points, and ‘what if’ scenarios. It also provides comprehensive KPIs that can help managers in hospitals and social care understand the causes and effects of delayed discharge. This is important because these vary considerably around the country, and the solutions are therefore different. Understanding the ‘pinch points’ and problem areas means that tailored solutions can be put in place to manage delayed discharge at particular hospitals, or in specific areas or regions, and help improve patient outcomes as well as reduce cost.
Developing a data-informed NHS
Hospitals have not traditionally made decisions based on extensive data analysis. However, this type of modelling offers them a chance to increase efficiency and address their problem areas.
Understanding the problem is still only the first step towards addressing it, but it is an important one. Solving issues of delayed discharge will require hospitals to work closely with social care and community providers, to develop a fully integrated care model. Nobody is suggesting that this will be easy, but ensuring that the model is based on evidence – and not just ‘gut feeling’ – will make it more likely to succeed. This, in turn, will result in better patient outcomes, increased efficiencies and cost savings for the NHS and its partners. That’s something we all want to see.
