Despite pre-existing heart disease, a study suggests that this appears to improve the odds of surviving an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
Having pre-existing heart disease (PEHD) seems to improve the chance of survival to hospital after experiencing an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. This was the somewhat counter-intuitive conclusion of a retrospective analysis by a team from the Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands.
Out-of-hospital (OOH) cardiac arrests are a common problem and in one European study of 37,054 such arrests, the hospital survival rate was only 26.4%. Patient characteristics are undoubtedly a potentially important contributor to overall survival and in particular, the presence of existing heart disease, although the impact of this factor on survival has been poorly studied. In one such study, having ischaemic heart disease led to a 50% improved odds of survival. However and in contrast, a second study showed that PEHD was an independent predictor of a poorer survival after an OOH cardiac arrest.
Given these contradictory findings, the Dutch researchers set out to explore the relationship between OOH cardiac arrest and prior cardiovascular disease. They retrospectively examined data from the AmsteRdam REsuscitation STudies (ARREST) registry, which contains information on all OOH cardiac arrests in the Northern part of Holland. Patient’s medical histories were obtained from their GP’s medical records for evidence of a wide range of cardiac diseases and patients were dichotomised as either having or not having PEHD. For the purposes of the study, the primary outcomes were survival to hospital admission and survival to hospital discharge and this data was obtained from hospital records. Secondary outcomes were a shockable initial rhythm (SIR) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as an immediate cause of OOH cardiac arrest. Using regression analysis, the team examined the association between PEHD and survival to hospital and survival to discharge and adjusted models for several co-morbidities.
Findings
A total of 3760 OOH cardiac arrest patients with a mean age of 68 years (70.9% male) were included in the analysis. Overall, 48.1% of the cohort had PEHD and on average were slightly older (mean age 71.4 vs 64.7, p < 0.001) and with a higher incidence of cardiovascular risk factors e.g., hypertension (59.3% vs 42.2, p < 0.01), obesity and hypercholesterolaemia.
Among those with PEHD, 41.9% survived to hospital admission compared to 38% of those without prior cardiovascular disease (p = 0.014). The presence of existing heart disease was associated with an increased survival odds after adjustment for all covariates (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.05 – 1.47). However, prior cardiac disease was not associated with survival to discharge in fully adjusted models (aOR = 1.16, 95% CI 0.95 – 1.42).
Among 1680 patients with SIR, prior heart disease was also not associated with survival to hospital (aOR = 1.12, 95% CI 0.90 – 1.39) but prior heart disease was associated with a lower proportion of AMI (aOR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.25 – 0.42).
In their discussion, the authors recognised that their findings were somewhat counter-intuitive and were unable to explain the result. Nevertheless, they concluded that survival gains after an OOH cardiac arrest applied to a wide range of patients with prior heart disease.
Citation
van Dongen LH et al. Higher chances of survival to hospital admission after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in patients with previously diagnosed heart disease Open Heart 2021
