IV paracetamol provides non-inferior clinical pain relief to hydromorphone for older adults with acute pain seen at an emergency department
Use of intravenous (IV) paracetamol (acetaminophen) offers clinically equivalent pain relief to IV hydromorphone in older patients presenting at an emergency department (ED) with acute pain that would warrant the use of opiates, according to the findings of a randomised trial by researchers from the Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, US.
Older adults frequently present to an ED with pain, which is often both under recognised and under treated. In fact, effective pain management among older adults is a challenge since this group are at an increased risk for adverse events associated with systemic analgesics.
Moreover, there is some data to suggest that older adults are less likely to receive pain medication. In a study of 7,585 pain-related ED visits by patients aged 75 years or older, such individuals were less likely than visits by patients aged 35 to 54 years to result in administration of an analgesic (49% versus 68.3%) or an opioid (34.8% versus 49.3%). IV hydromorphone is an opioid used in the management of acute pain though its efficacy is similar to IV morphine in older adults.
In addition, IV paracetamol has been shown to be an effective analgesic among older adults after major orthopaedic surgery. Nevertheless, whether IV paracetamol could provide a similar level of analgesia for older adults presenting at an ED with acute pain, where an opiate would normally be considered, is uncertain.
For the present study, the US team undertook a randomised trial that compared IV paracetamol with IV hydromorphone in older adults with acute pain that was deemed sufficient to warrant the use of IV opioids. Participants were aged 65 years and older and randomised to receive 1,000 mg of IV paracetamol or 0.5 mg of intravenous hydromorphone.
Pain was assessed using a verbal 0 to 10 scale with 0 equating with no pain and 10, the worst pain imaginable and which was assessed at baseline and after 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 180 minutes. Any adverse effects were assessed using open ended questions.
The primary outcome was the improvement in pain score from baseline after 60 minutes. For the secondary outcome, the researchers looked at the need to use of additional medication for pain relief.
Researchers also documented the proportion of patients achieving the minimum clinically important improvement in pain, defined as a 1.3 point change on the pain relief scale.
IV paracetamol and change in pain relief
A total of 162 participants with a mean age of 74.5 years (53.5% female) were equally randomised between the two therapies. The median baseline pain score was 10 in both groups.
After 60 minutes, patients receiving IV paracetamol had a mean improvement in pain score of 3.6 units whereas those with IV hydromorphone had a mean improvement of 4.6 units (95% CI for the difference was 0.1 – 2).
In addition, a similar proportion (77% vs 78%) of patients receiving paracetamol and hydromorphone respectively, achieved the minimum clinically important improvement (1.3) after 60 minutes. However, a higher proportion of patients receiving paracetamol required additional pain relief medication compared to hydromorphone (46% vs 38%).
Overall adverse effects were similar between the two groups. Finally, after 60 minutes, only 37% of those given paracetamol and 53% hydromorphone, saw a > 50% improvement in pain relief.
The authors concluded that although hydromorphone provided statistically superior pain relief to paracetamol, this difference was not clinically important although they cautioned that these findings may not generalise well outside of the population studied.
Citation
Kolli S et al. A Randomized Study of Intravenous Hydromorphone Versus Intravenous Acetaminophen for Older Adult Patients with Acute Severe Pain Ann Emerg Med 2022
