An analysis of ED visits for people with substance misuse problems has found marked differences in the main presenting clinical concerns
There appear to be clear differences in the most frequently encountered clinical concerns among patients with substance misuse problems presenting at an emergency department (ED). This was the key finding of a study by researchers from the National Clinician Scholars Program, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, USA.
Although opioid overdose deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic increased, research suggests that there has been little change to the number of opioid-related ED visits during the early pandemic.
Moreover, there have also been increases observed for other substance misuse drugs, for instance, methamphetamine-related admissions found to have increased from 15.1% in 2008 to 23.6% in 2017.
While the proportion of visits for psycho-stimulants has increased, a further concern has been how the mortality rate involving all stimulants has also risen from 2.91 deaths per 100 000 population in 2010 to 9.69 in 2017.
Despite this increased mortality rate, not all visits are fatal and it is more important to recognise the acute toxicity associated with stimulant use. For instance, one study of 137 cocaine users found that patients had a wide range of clinical symptoms including altered mental status (40%), chest pain (21%), syncope (19%), suicide attempt (13%), palpitations (12%) and seizures (12%).
To date, few studies have examined the prevalence of the clinical symptoms exhibited by psycho-stimulant and cocaine users who present at an ED and how this compares with opiate or opioid users.
For the current study, the US team examined not only the annual trends in substance misuse presentations at ED, but also whether there were differing clinical concerns, particularly for psycho-stimulant and cocaine visits in comparison to those with opiate-related problems.
The team examined only adult ED visits for cocaine, psycho-stimulants and opiate use and excluded those cases for which the hospital records documented two or more drugs. The primary exposure of interest was the type of drug associated with the ED visit and the primary outcome of interest was the chief presenting concerns based on four categories: psychiatric; neurologic; cardiopulmonary or drug toxicity/withdrawal concerns.
Substance misuse and clinical concerns
The study included 7,121,000 weighted ED visits between 2008 and 2018. The rate of cocaine-related visits changed very little over time and increased from 6.6 visits/10,000 population in 2008 to 8.9 visits/10,000 in 2018 (p = 0.23). In contrast, psycho-stimulant visits increased from 2.2 to 12.9 visits/10,000 over the same period of time (p < 0.001) and opiate-related visits increased the most, from 6 to 24.8 visits/10,000 (p < 0.001).
The chief presenting concern varied between the three drugs. Among opiate-related visits, an ‘adverse effect of drug abuse‘ occurred with 27.9% of all visits, whereas with cocaine, ‘chest pain‘ occurred in 27.2% of visits, although chest pain was the most common concern (10.4%) among psycho-stimulant users.
Among the three classes of drugs, compared to opiate-related visits, psycho-stimulant use was significantly associated with a higher odds of psychiatric concerns (odds ratio, OR = 2.69, 95% CI 1.83 – 3.95) and cardiopulmonary concerns (OR = 2.46, 95% CI 1.42 – 4.26).
This elevated risk was also significant for cardiopulmonary concerns in cocaine-related visits (OR = 2.95, 95% CI 1.70 – 5.13) but not for psychiatric concerns. In contrast, psycho-stimulant-related visits for drug toxicity/withdrawal were significantly less than for opiate-related visits (OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.30 – 0.73).
The authors concluded that psycho-stimulant and cocaine-related ED visits required more attention for cardiopulmonary and psychiatric complications as opposed to opiate-related visits which were largely because of drug toxicity or withdrawal problems.
Citation
Suen LW et al. Emergency department visits and trends related to cocaine, psychostimulants, and opioids in the United States, 2008–2018 BMC Emerg Med 2022
